From a review on the reality of Dong-In Hospital which was a hospital founded by Dong-Aa Dong-In-Hywe Foundation which was a corporation of governmental patron around Ulsa(1905) protective treaty between Japan and Korea, and this hospital seemed to be dissoluted just before the annexation signing of Korea to Japan. The building with site of Dong-In Hospital in Taegu was sold to Kyung-Sang Pook-Do province and Jaa-Hye Hospital was constructed instead as a virtual conscience. So it is impossible to say this Jaa-Hye Hospital as the predecessor of Dong-In Hospital although Jaa-Hye Hospital which was belonging to Kyung-Sang Pook-Do province as Kyung-Sang Pook-Do Hospital had changed the name several times until being Taegu Medical School Hospital by using as Taegu Medical Institute College Hospital which was absorbed to U.S. military government after the restoration of independence from Japan. Since 1953 Kyungpook National University absorbed Taegu Medical School, it is possible to use Taegu Medical School Hospital as the predecessor of Kyungpook National University Hospital whereas it is impossible to use Jaa-Hye Hospital as the predecessor with nationality on the basis of the health and medical administrative system.
English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Hospitals/*history ; Korea ; *Politics

OBJECTIVES: This study examined how ethanolamines (EAs) with the same functional alcohol group (HOCH2CH2), such as mono-EA (MEA), di-EA (DEA), and tri-EA (TEA), in water-based metalworking fluids (wbMWFs) are vaporized, condensed, and transformed by heat generated during metalworking. METHODS: Two types of experimental apparatus were manufactured to achieve these objectives. RESULTS: Vaporization tests using a water bath showed that the vaporization rate increased markedly from 0.19 mg/m2.min at 23.5degrees C to 8.04 mg/m2.min at 60degrees C. Chamber tests with a heat bulb revealed that "spiked" MEA was fully recovered, while only 13.32% of DEA and no TEA were recovered. Interestingly, non-spiked types of EAs were detected, indicating that heat could convert EAs with more alcohol groups (TEA or DEA) into other EAs with fewer group(s) (DEA or MEA). The EA composition in fresh fluid was 4% DEA, 66% TEA, and 30% MEA, and in used fluids (n = 5) was 12.4% DEA, 68% TEA, and 23% MEA. Conversion from TEA into DEA may therefore contribute to the DEA increment. Airborne TEA was not detected in 13 samples taken from the central coolant system and near a conveyor belt where no machining work was performed. The DEA concentration was 0.45 mg/m3 in the only two samples from those locations. In contrast, airborne MEA was found in all samples (n = 53) regardless of the operation type. CONCLUSION: MEAs easily evaporated even when MWFs were applied, cleaned, refilled, and when they were in fluid storage tanks without any metalworking being performed. The conversion of TEA to DEA and MEA was found in the machining operations.
Baths ; Ethanolamines ; Hot Temperature ; Tea ; Volatilization ; Water

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although mass transit systems are convenient and efficient for urban people, little attention has been paid to the potential hearing hazard from their noise. The purpose of the current study was to measure and analyze levels of subway interior noise at peak commuter times and to provide information about commuters' daily dose of noise exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure the subway interior noise, nine subway lines inside Seoul (i.e., lines 1-9) and six lines surrounding the capital city area (i.e., Central, Bundang, Sinbundang, Incheon, Gyeongui, and Gyeongchun) were chosen. The noise was measured and recorded by a sound level meter for two-hour periods in the morning and evening. RESULTS: 1) In the LZeq analysis, the average noise level of all 15 lines was 72.78 dB; the maximum and minimum noise levels were 78.34 and 62.46 dB, respectively. The average noise level of the nine lines inside Seoul was 73.45 dB, which was 1.68-dB louder than that of the six lines surrounding the capital city area. 2) Based on the LZeq analysis of 33 measured frequencies, 12.5 Hz was the highest frequency and 20,000 Hz was the lowest. 3) There was no remarkable difference in the level of subway interior noise between morning and evening peak commuter times. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the level of subway interior noise was not loud enough for commuters to incur noise-induced hearing loss. Regardless, environmental noise control efforts in the subway system might be needed for commuters who take a subway every day.
Hearing ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; Incheon ; Noise* ; Railroads* ; Seoul

OBJECTIVE: To find out the factors affecting medication discontinuation in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. METHODS: The clinical data of 125 patients with OAB symptoms who had taken antimuscarinics and behavioral therapy were retrospectively reviewed. Antimuscarinics related outcomes were evaluated by an independent observer with telephone interview. All patients were asked about duration of medication and reason of continuation or discontinuation of antimuscarinics. To determine pre-treatment factors predicting self-report discontinuation of antimuscarinics, variables of only those with P-values <0.25 on the univariate analysis were included in the Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 39.6 months and the proportion of discontinuation of antimuscarinics was 60.0% (75/125). The mean duration of medication was 21.2 months in the continuation group and 3.3 months in the discontinuation group. The reasons of discontinuation of antimuscarinics were improved OAB symptoms (46.7%), tolerable OAB symptoms (33.3%), no change of OAB symptoms (1.3%), side-effects (8.0%) and no desire to take long-term medication (10.7%). The variables affecting remaining cumulative probability of antimuscarinics were age, history of anti-incontinence surgery or vaginal surgery, and having stress predominant urinary incontinence on urodynamic study. CONCLUSION: The lower rate of cumulative continuation of antimuscarinics encourages us to give a more detailed counseling and education to the patients with OAB symptoms before prescription. And explorations about newer agent and non-pharmacologic treatment with good efficacy and lower side-effects are needed.
Counseling ; Education ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; Prescriptions ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive* ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urodynamics

Sturgeon aqua-cultured in Korea is mainly Acipenser ruthenus and its culture began in the early 2000's. In this study, Carnobacterium sp. was isolated from unprocessed caviar of aqua-cultured Acipenser ruthenus. The 16s rRNA nucleotide sequence obtained from Carnobacterium sp. isolate (accession no. KM236206) was deposited with GenBank and homologous with Carnobacterium divergens DSM 20623 and NBRC15683 strain. In conclusion, this is first report of isolation of Carnobacterium sp. from caviar of Acipenser ruthenus aqua-cultured in Korea. In the future, it must be ascertained whether Carnobacterium sp. degenerate of caviar or cause diseases in sturgeon.
Base Sequence ; Carnobacterium* ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Korea

BACKGROUND: All medical conduct should be practiced under the permission of patients or guardians. Because anesthetic procedures have high risk, every anesthesia practice is done under verbal and/or written consent. However, collecting anesthetic permission is not common in Korean medical anesthesiologists. The purpose of this article is to survey current anesthetic status and to provide some suggestions. METHODS: We had given questionnaire sheet to anesthesiologists participating in an annual meeting of the Korean Society of anesthesiologists. It included the percentage of receiving the anesthetic consent, the reasons why they received the informed consent or not, and the conditions to improve to receive it. RESULTS: The total number of responded anesthesiologists was 187. More than half of the responders had received the informed consents from less than 25% of their patients. And only thirty percent of them had taken the consents from more than 75% of their patients. To increase this rate, they replied, it is needed to strengthen the legal validity of the consent and to improve working conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of receiving the informed consent is very low for the anesthesia practice in Korea. There are some procedures that are needed to improve the current situation so that anesthesiologists can provide better quality to the patients.
Anesthesia* ; Humans ; Informed Consent* ; Jurisprudence ; Korea* ; Patient Rights

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of pregnancy after laparosocpic myomectomy. METHODS: A total of 99 cases of pregnancies after 512 cases of laparoscopic myomectomy which was performed at different 6 hospitals between 1995 and 2004 was selected. Retrospective chart review and telephone survey were performed for identifying outcomes of pregnancies, ectopic pregnancy rate, abortion rate, preterm delivery, spontaneous or cesarean delivery and presence of dangerous outcomes of uterine rupture. RESULTS: There were 20 (20.2%) spontaneous abortion, 2 (2.0%) ectopic pregnancy. Among the delivery of 77 cases, 4 (5.2%) had vaginal deliveries and 73 (94.8%) had cesarean section. No case of uterine rupture was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of pregnancy after laparoscopic myomectomy showed safe and successful outcomes
Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Retrospective Studies ; Telephone ; Uterine Rupture

BACKGROUND: Surgical patients should be provided adequate information on operation. The information on mortality is extremely important among them. The purposes of this study are to investigate the recent mortality associated with anesthesia and surgery, and to get a logistic regression model of mortality based on patient information. METHODS: We collected all of the anesthetic cases except local anesthesia during 5 years (between 2000 and 2004) in a hospital. All deaths within 7 days after anesthesia were retrieved. These data were analyzed in terms of age, gender, department in charge, time point after anesthesia, elective or emergency surgery, type of anesthesia, operation name, and diagnosis. The combined effects of the variables on the mortality were evaluated with logistic regression. The causes of death were also analyzed. RESULTS: There were 155 deaths among 74,458 patients under anesthesia. Age less than 1 year old or greater than 80 years old, male gender, department of thoracic surgery, emergency operation, cardiovascular surgery, and diseases for transplantation had higher mortality than their counterparts. Regression model was followed with assignment of '1' for the above mentioned categories. Other categories were designated by '0'. Log[p (death)/{1-p (death)}] = -9.15+1.03xage+0.66xsex+0.79xdepartment+2.77xemergency+2.52 xdiagnosis+0.89xoperation The leading cause of death was sepsis (21.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The average of mortality within 7 days after anesthesia was 21 per 10,000 anesthetic cases (0.21%). Estimated mortality based on logistic regression ranged from 0.01% to 10.25% depending on patient information.
Aged, 80 and over ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Local ; Cause of Death ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mortality* ; Sepsis ; Thoracic Surgery

BACKGROUND: Psychological preparation to reduce preoperative anxiety is one of the main purposes of preoperative visits. However, there are only a few reports about the parental anxiety of pediatric patients. This study was performed to get some information to reduce parental anxiety of pediatric patients through an interview during the preanesthetic visit. METHODS: We collected data from the parents of the 122 preoperative children younger than 18 years old and scheduled for elective surgery. The questionnaire consisted of the demographic data, the severity of anxiety, the reason of anxiety, and the parental understanding level about anesthesia before and after hospitalization. RESULTS: The most common cause of anxiety was about fear "not to recover from anesthesia" (33.1%), which appears to be usually due to lack of medical knowledge about anesthesia (65.1%). After hospitalization, parental understanding level about anesthesia was increased. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiologists should explain anticipated events and the proposed anesthetic management, which would increase the understanding of parents about anesthesia. Therefore, anxiety and apprehension about anesthesia can be reduced.
Adolescent ; Anesthesia* ; Anxiety* ; Child ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Parents*

A high body temperature, i.e. fever, is a crucial vital sign, and suggests the patient’s infection or inflammation. COVID-19 has changed the lifestyle, and led to the changes in medical use behavior of febrile patients. We investigated the change in etiologies of fever in the emergency department (ED) before and after COVID-19. The medical records of patients with fever who visited the ED of a university hospital before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Daegu metropolitan city, South Korea. The cause of fever and its classification were carefully decided and established by agreement through a discussion among board-certified clinicians in emergency medicine, neurology, general surgery, and internal medicine. The etiology of fever and its prevalence in ED were compared between before and after COVID-19. A total of 3,041 patients with fever (> 37.7°C) in the ED were investigated, with 1,400 men (46.0%). Their mean age was 55.88 ± 20.59, and the average number of patients with fever in ED was 8.16 ± 3.94 per a day. The most common etiology before COVID-19 was respiratory system infection (n = 535, 30.5%), followed by gastrointestinal (n = 313, 17.8%) and urinary tract infection (n = 209, 11.9%). However, after COVID-19, gastrointestinal cause became the most common (n = 247, 27.3%), followed by respiratory system (n = 126, 13.9%) and urinary tract infection (n = 102, 11.3%). There has been paradigm-shifting in fever etiology in the emergency department. It is necessary to cope with the changed fever etiology in the COVID-19 era.