To examine AZT resistance of HIV-1 isolates from AZT treated or untreated Korean, several biological characteristics such as syncytium formation, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and the p24 antigen production in MT-2 cells infected with 4 HRT_1 isolates were determined. As controls, we tested HIV-1 HTLV-IIIB and pre-drug isolate as AZT susceptible strains, in addition to HIV-1 RTMC/MT-2 and post-drug isolate as AZT resistant strains. When the inoculum size of HIV-1 was 300 TCID50well and 100 TCID50/well, the AZT susceptibility of AZT untreated HIV-1 isolates 8806 and 9571 were similar to that of HIV-1 HTLV-IIIB and AZT-susceptible HIV-1 strains. When we evaluated AZT resistance of isolates HRs-1 8812 and 9113 treated with AZT for 36 months by observation of syncytium formation, HIV-1 8812 showed resistance simillar to that of HIV-1 RTMC/MT-2 strain forming syncytium up to AZT 1microgram/ml, and HIV-1 9113 showed resistance identical with that of AZT-resistant HIV-1 strain which formed syncytium up to AZT 10 microgram/ml. Especially, when we evaluated AZT resistance by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activty and the p24 antigen production, HIV-1 isolates 8812 and 9113 showed much higher resistance (>10 - 200 fold) compared with HN-1 RTMC/MT-2 and AZT-resistant HIV-1 strain.
Giant Cells ; HIV-1* ; Korea* ; Population Characteristics ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Zidovudine*

Behcet's disease was originally described as a triple symptom complex of oral aphthous ulceration, genital ulceration, and hypopyon iritis. It is now known to have a wide systemic manifestations. Among them, the central nervous system involvement should be diagnosed earlier because of it's lethal potential. Recently the authors experienced a case of Behcet's disease with CNS involvement. A 51-year-old female patient was admitted due to deterioration of mentality and generalized ache since 2 years prior to admission. The findings on physical examination were compatible with Behcet's disease, but without cerebrospinal pleocytosis. The manifestations were improved with medications of prednisolone, chlorambucil, colchicines, but relapsed relapsed 2 months later during subsequent tapering of prednisolone and chlorambucil. The patient is now on medication again. A case of Behcet's disease with CNS manifestations is reported with review of literature.
Behcet Syndrome ; Central Nervous System ; Chlorambucil ; Female ; Humans ; Iritis ; Leukocytosis ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Prednisolone ; Stomatitis, Aphthous ; Ulcer

Koreans had an ill feeling against the only public isolation hospital, and their ill feeling was a cause the movement for establishing a private isolation hospital. The bad seating capacity and the nearness to downtown of public isolation hospital, and some violence caused in the course of taking a patient to the public isolation hospital were concrete causes of the movement for establishing a private isolation hospital. The three purposes of the movement for establishing a private isolation hospital are as follows. First, for the purpose of removing the national ill feeling, Koreans had to establish the isolation hospital by themselves. Second, for the purpose of curing the patients, doctors needed to use Oriental medicine together. Third, for the purpose of doing away with the anxiety of infection, the isolation hospital had to be located in a distant place from downtown. The movement for establishing a private isolation hospital didn't succeed. It only ended up establishing a contagious ward in Severance hospital. Because whenever an isolation hospital was planned to be constructed somehere, the residents worrying about the infection opposed to the construction, and enough money didn't be gathered. Abve all, rich pro-Japanese men didn't contribute enough money. The middle and lower classes contributed almost all of the money. The movement for estabishing a private isolation hospital was the extension of anti-Japanese national feeling that sprung from the March 1st movement. In view of strenghtening Korean ability, the movement for establishing a private isolation hospital had a common cause with the Shilryokyangsong movement in the early 1920s.
Cholera/*history ; Colonialism/*history ; Communicable Diseases/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Hospitals, Public/*history ; Hospitals, Special/*history ; Human ; Japan ; Korea ; Patient Isolation/*history ; Politics

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease has various patterns of clinical manifestation ranging from an absence of symptoms to a severely destructive arthropathy. A number of metabolic diseases and physiologic stresses, such as aging and trauma, have been associated with CPPD crystal deposition. The coexistence of CPPD crystal deposition disease and gout varies from 2 to 8%. The mechanism of this association has been postulated to be a predisposition to the local deposition of pyrophosphate due to the presence of urate crystal, perhaps acting as a nucleating agent or factor which predispose to the deposition of both kinds of crystals. In Korea, although it is considered that CPPD crystal deposition occasionally coincides monosodium urate crystal, it has not been reported so far. We report a case with CPPD crystal deposition disease combined with gout in a patient who has suffered from osteoarthritis, which is diagnosed by polarized microscopic examination of synovial fluid.
Aging ; Calcium Pyrophosphate* ; Calcium* ; Gout* ; Humans ; Korea ; Metabolic Diseases ; Osteoarthritis ; Synovial Fluid ; Uric Acid

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of simulation-based education regarding care in a cardio-pulmonary emergency care as related to knowledge, clinical performance ability, and problem solving process in new nurses. METHODS: An equivalent control group pre-post test experimental design was used. Fifty new nurses were recruited, 26 nurses for the experimental group and 24 nurses for the control group. The simulation-based cardio-pulmonary emergency care education included lecture, skill training, team-based practice, and debriefing, and it was implemented with the experimental group for a week in May, 2009. Data were analyzed using frequency, ratio, chi-square, Fisher's exact probability and t-test with the SPSS program. RESULTS: The experimental group who had the simulation-based education showed significantly higher know-ledge (t=5.76, p<.001) and clinical performance ability (t=5.86, p<.001) for cardio-pulmonary emergency care compared with the control group who had traditional education but problem solving process was not included (t=1.11, p=.138). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a simulation-based education is an effective teaching method to improve knowledge and clinical performance ability in new nurses learning cardio-pulmonary emergency care. Further study is needed to identify the effect of a simulation-based team discussion on cognitive outcome of clinical nurses such as problem solving skills.
Adult ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/*nursing ; *Clinical Competence ; *Competency-Based Education ; Educational Measurement ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Problem Solving ; Program Evaluation ; Questionnaires ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To determine whether intracellular localization of intravenously injected infection specific MoAb can be localized in the infected cells, immunohistochemical staining was obtained in animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One mg of intact mouse MoAb against mwobacteria (group I, n=10) and F(ab')2 (group II, n=6) were intravenously injected to the rabbits of each groups infected with M. tuberculosis H37RV. Immunohistochemical staining using an anti-mouse antibody was obtained at the 1,3, 5, 7 and 8th days in Group I and at the 1, 2, 3rd days in group II by streptavidin biotin method. For the control study, I mg of non specific polyclonal human IgG (group III, n=10) and 100 microgram of normal rabbit IgG F(ab')2 (group IV, n=6) were injected to the rabbits and guinea pigs respectively. RESULTS: Both groups (group I & II) showed a positive Ag-Ab reaction within the cytoplasm of monocytes. A weak but positive reaction was observed intracellularly in group III, however no positive reaction in group IV. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest intracellular Ag-Ab reaction plays an important role in the localization of infection by immunoscintigraphy using a specific MoAb fragments.
Animals ; Biotin ; Cytoplasm ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Mice ; Monocytes ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Rabbits ; Streptavidin ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to elucidate the clinical pictures of acute focal bacterial nephritis(nephronia) in children. METHODS: We reviewed 9 children with nephronia diagnosed by ultrasonography or computed tomography of kidneys from September 1994 to August 2004. RESULTS: The overall male to female ratio was 2:1, and the age distribution ranged from 0.1 to 6 years(mean 2.8+/-2.2). The cardinal symptoms were fever, chills, abdominal pain and dysuria/frequency. The initial leukocyte count was 21,000+/-5,600/uL; ESR, 60+/-23 mm/hr; CRP, 17+/-10 mg/dl. Pyuria was noted in every patient and persisted for 10.5+/-7.8 days after antimicrobial treatment. Abdominal sonography demonstrated focal lesion of ill-defined margin and low echogenicity in 5 of 9 patients(55.6%), while computed tomography revealed nonenhancing low density area in all patients(100%). Three of 9 patients(33.3%) had vesicoureteral reflux, greater than grade III. The initial (99m)Tc-DMSA scan showed one or multiple cortical defects in every patient, and improvements were noted in 2(33.3%) of 6 patients who received follow up scan after 4 months. Intravenous antibiotics was given in every patient under admission. Total febrile period was 11.8+/-6.3 days(pre-admission, 4.0+/-3.0; post-admission, 7.8+/-5.5 days) and the patients needed hospitalization for 17.2+/-8.1 days. CONCLUSION: For the early diagnosis of 'acute focal bacterial nephritis' we should perform renal computed tomography first rather than ultrasonography, when the child has toxic symptoms and severe inflammatory responses in blood and urine.
Abdominal Pain ; Age Distribution ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Child* ; Chills ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Kidney ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Nephritis* ; Pyuria ; Ultrasonography ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

Although the same traumatic stress was experienced, the presenting symptoms and their severity might be different. The difference could be associated with the coping style. Thus we were interested in which coping style is more efficient in dealing with stress. Among the 624 survivors of Sampoong Accident we selected active coping group(n=67) and passive coping group(n=63) using the Ways of Coping Checklist. These two groups were compared on scores in Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Impact of Event Scale, MMPI, and 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. The passive coping group reported that they were more anxious and depressive, and they showed more intrusive thought about traumatic stress, denial, and vulnerable factors of personality than active coping group. These results suggest that active coping style such as problem-focused coping and seeking social supports is more efficient and successful in case as Sampoong Accident. Therefore, for the survivors of extremely traumatic accident, training of active coping skills can be helpful for rehabilitation and adaptation in everyday life.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Anxiety ; Checklist ; Denial (Psychology) ; Depression ; Humans ; MMPI ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Survivors*

OBJECTIVES: Recently, the number of adolescent criminals hospitalized for evaluation or treatment of mental illness is increasing. The aim of this study was to provide basic information for the evaluation and treatment of adolescent misconducts, based on their impulsivity. METHODS: Barrat's impulsivity test was done to 64 adolescent criminals under age of 18 who were admitted to a Juvenile School between Oct. 1, 2003 and June 30, 2004. According to their recognizing impulsivity scores, the upper 30% group (high impulsivity group: HIG) and the lower 30% group (low impulsivity group: LIG) were selected. The two groups were compared on socio-demographic data, crime characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, Evoked Potential Latency and Amplitude, Cognitron and IQ. RESULTS: 1) The high impulsivity group had lower IQ than the low impulsivity group (p<0.01). 2) No difference was found in the seriousness of committed crimes, number of crimes and the age of first committed crimes. However, the high impulsivity group fended acting alone in committing crimes (p<0.05), and more frequently upeated same crimes (p<0.01). 3) Evoked potential latency was prolonged on FzN100 (p<0.05), CzN100 (p<0.05), PzN100 (p<0.01) and amplitude was increased on FzN100 (p<0.05), CzN100 (p<0.05), PzN100 (p<0.05) in high impulsivity group. 4) High impulsivity group showed lower scores on NOCR (p<0.01), NOCYR (p<0.01), NOCNR (p<0.01) in Cognitron. PzN100 (p<0.05) latency prolongation. CzN100 latency prolongation had positive correlation with PzN100 latency prolongation (p<0.05). 5) While the misconduct was most common problem in both groups, more ADHD diagnosis was identified in the high impulsivity group. The most frequent medical problem in low impulsivity group was with diseases of internal medicine (p<0.01) and anxiety disorders (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The adolescent criminals with high impulsivity tend to have lower intelligence and commit crimes repeatedly. They are frequently diagnosed to have ADHD. When they are compared to low impulsivity group, big differences are found in prolonged evoked potential latency and increased amplitude on N100. Hence, in the treatment and rehabilitative programs for them, considering these characteristics may be helpful.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety Disorders ; Brain* ; Crime ; Criminals* ; Diagnosis ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior* ; Intelligence ; Internal Medicine

OBJECTIVES: Recently, the number of adolescent criminals hospitalized for evaluation or treatment of mental illness is increasing. The aim of this study was to provide basic information for the evaluation and treatment of adolescent misconducts, based on their impulsivity. METHODS: Barrat's impulsivity test was done to 64 adolescent criminals under age of 18 who were admitted to a Juvenile School between Oct. 1, 2003 and June 30, 2004. According to their recognizing impulsivity scores, the upper 30% group (high impulsivity group: HIG) and the lower 30% group (low impulsivity group: LIG) were selected. The two groups were compared on socio-demographic data, crime characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, Evoked Potential Latency and Amplitude, Cognitron and IQ. RESULTS: 1) The high impulsivity group had lower IQ than the low impulsivity group (p<0.01). 2) No difference was found in the seriousness of committed crimes, number of crimes and the age of first committed crimes. However, the high impulsivity group fended acting alone in committing crimes (p<0.05), and more frequently upeated same crimes (p<0.01). 3) Evoked potential latency was prolonged on FzN100 (p<0.05), CzN100 (p<0.05), PzN100 (p<0.01) and amplitude was increased on FzN100 (p<0.05), CzN100 (p<0.05), PzN100 (p<0.05) in high impulsivity group. 4) High impulsivity group showed lower scores on NOCR (p<0.01), NOCYR (p<0.01), NOCNR (p<0.01) in Cognitron. PzN100 (p<0.05) latency prolongation. CzN100 latency prolongation had positive correlation with PzN100 latency prolongation (p<0.05). 5) While the misconduct was most common problem in both groups, more ADHD diagnosis was identified in the high impulsivity group. The most frequent medical problem in low impulsivity group was with diseases of internal medicine (p<0.01) and anxiety disorders (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The adolescent criminals with high impulsivity tend to have lower intelligence and commit crimes repeatedly. They are frequently diagnosed to have ADHD. When they are compared to low impulsivity group, big differences are found in prolonged evoked potential latency and increased amplitude on N100. Hence, in the treatment and rehabilitative programs for them, considering these characteristics may be helpful.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety Disorders ; Brain* ; Crime ; Criminals* ; Diagnosis ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior* ; Intelligence ; Internal Medicine