This study based on an ethical review of the kidney donation from a young man to his elder relative.We discuss the problems existing in present field of intra-vital organ transplantations,as well as its risk and the ethics review mode.It is recommended that ethics review is performed as a complete procedure,which should not only present in certain format,but also emphasize weighing the advantages and disadvantages of both patients and donors;intra-vital organ transplantations between relatives should also follow the principle of "no compensation and non-commercialization";hospitals should give out the judgment under sufficient considerations of both patients' and donors' benefits within the scope of laws,as well as taking into account of other factors such as prospective outcome of the operations,rather than barely basing on the risk probabilities.

Objective To explore the efficiency and safety of sodium valproate intravenous therapy on refractory status epilepsy(RSE)by diazepam in Chinese adult.Methods Twenty-five patients of RSE,consecutively admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University from September 1999 to May 2007,received intravenous administration of sodium valproate after being refractory to intravenous diazepam and intramuscular phenobarbitone.The efficiency and side effect of sodium valproate were then evaluated.There were ten males and fifteen females with mean age of fifty-five years.The symptoms of status epilepticus(SE)included generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus(GTCS)(14 cases),complex partial status epilepticus(CPS)(7 cases),simple partial status epilepticus(SPS)(2 cases)and myoclonic status epielepticus(MS)(2 cases).The primary diseases prior to SE were viral encephalitis(13 cases),withdrawal of antiepilepsy drug(AEDs)(5 cases),cerebral trauma and brain surgery(3 cases),cerebral infarction(2 cases),intoxication(1 case)and cerebral palsy(1 case).Among them nine patients had a history of epilepsy.Results Of all the 25 cases of RSE,twenty-two were controlled with sodium valproate within one hour,and consciousness recovered within next one hour.No significant changes were found in blood pressure,heart rate,respiratory rate and cardiac rhythm,and no encephalopathy occurred.On the other hand,the other three cases who failed to be controlled,frequency and duration of seizure were redured.Conclusions Although intravenous sodium valproate has not been approved to be the drug of first choice for SE therapy,but it is non-sedative anti-convulsion drug that can be safely used to stop different kinds of diazepam resistant SE efficiently without obvious side effect.In addition,a quick recovery of patients' consciousness may be expected within an hour afte RSE being controlled.

Considering the World Health Organization's classification of Helicobacter pylori as a definite (class I ) carci- nogen, the relationship between oral microbial community and tumors is gaining increased interest. This review focused on three relationships between oral microbiota and tumors, i.e., between oral Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric tumors, between oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma, and between human immunodeficiency virus and tumors. The aims were to realize the early diagnosis of tumors with oral microbiota and support studies on treatment development.
Helicobacter Infections ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Mouth ; microbiology ; Mouth Neoplasms

Objective To evaluate the effect of tourniquet on incisional infection based on animal model,and evaluate the effect of ischemia preconditioning on incisional infection,so as to provide experimental basis for the ra-tional use of tourniquet in clinic.Methods 100 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 25 mice in each group.Group A:tourniquet+methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)incisional infection;group B:ischemic preconditioning+ MRSA incisional infection ;group C :MRSA incisional infection;group D:blank control.The survival rates,temperature,routine blood testing,and change in soft tissue beside femoral incision were compared among 4 groups.Results During observation period ,the survival rate in group A was 68%,in group B,C,and D were all 100%,group A was lower than group B,C,and D (P <0.05).The temperature at each time point was significantly different among group A,B,and C (P <0.01 );temperature curves of 4 groups were significantly different (P <0.01 );except basal body temperature,temperature at the other time points among 4 groups were significantly different(all P <0.01);routine blood testing results (white blood cell count,total granu-locyte count,and total lymphocyte count)among 4 groups on the third,and seventh day were significantly different (all P <0.05);on the seventh day,routine blood testing results of 4 groups all returned to normal level,but group A was slightly higher than group B,C,and D.Section of epithelial tissue revealed that epithelial tissue in group A was not healed,inflammatory response of peripheral tissue was most serious;epithelial tissue in 10 mice in group B was healed,partial peripheral tissue revealed inflammatory response;epithelial tissue in 4 mice in group C was healed,most peripheral tissue revealed inflammatory response.Conclusion Mice incisional infection will be aggrava-ted by using lower limb tourniquet,incision healing and body function recovery time will be delayed,even lead to death.Ischemic preconditioning before making an incision model can reduce the severity of incisional infection,and shorten wound healing time.

Objective To describe the clinical features of convulsive status epileptieus (CSE) in our hospital and to provide a basis for future CSE prevention and treatment. Methods Patients with CSE hospitalized from January 1996 to October 2007 were prospectively observed. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of prognosis. Results All 220 eases of CSE were prospeetively analyzed, a hundred and two patients(46.4%) originated from rural areas. The primary cause of CSE was central nervous system(CNS)infectian (72cases, 32.7%), followed by discontinuation or reduction of antiepileptie drugs (AEDs, 35 cases,15.5%). The median duration of CSE was 5 hours and median duration of seizures before treatment was 2 hours; both were longer in rural patients (7.0 and3.5 hours respectively) than in urban patients (3.0 and 2.0 hours, Z=-3.433,-1.558,both P<0.05). The fatality rate by the time of discharge was 15.9%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of CSE (χ2=20.941), a history of epilepsy (χ2=4.910), and respiratory depression (χ2=16.086) were independent predictors of CSE prognosis (allP<0.05) . Comparisons between these data of USA and Europe were made. Conclusions CSE occurs mostly in rural population and epilepsy patients. CNS infection and withdrawal or reduction of AEDs in patients with epilepsy were important triggers of CSE. Antiepileptic therapy for status epilepticus in China falls behind that in the European countries.

Objective To study the effect of adenoviral-delivered short hairpin RNA (shRNA) target against permeability glycoprotein (Pgp) as a new drug in anti-epileptic drug resistance epilepsy treatment and to evaluate its efficiency. Methods MDR Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat estrocyte model was induced by Coriaria Lactone (CL), mainly over-expressing mdrlb. To reverse the drug resistance, astrecytes were treated with constructed replication deficient adencvirus AdS-EGFP-shRNAI-U6 delivering short hairpin (shRNA) target agianst mdrlb gene. Total RNA and protein were extracted from the infected cells, mdr1 b level was detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR whereas Pgp by Western blot, Rhodamine123 (Rho123) efflux ratio by Flow Cytometry. Results AdS-EGFP-shRNA1-U6 was succesfully constucted with high virus titer of 6×1010 pfu/ml. The interference efficency of AdS-EGFP-shRNA1-U6 agianst mdrlb in rat astrecyte model was about 94%. The Rho123 efllux ratio was about 15. 8%, significiently lower than control group which was 56. 2% (F = 127.5, P < 0. 05). Conclusions Pgp over-expression has been successfully suppressed and MDR has been reversed, which may provide a premising approach for refractory epilepsy remedy.

Objective To investigate the effect of low dose lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) preconditioning on prevention of incision infection by drug-resistant bacteria.Methods Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA) suspension with concentration of 1.8 ×109 CFU/mL was prepared.Sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (12 in each group, half male and half female).A medical longitudinal incision of the right thigh was made in mice in group 1-4, and 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0 mL bacteria suspension was dropped on the surface of the incision and the incision was observed 4d after the model established.Group 5 was the blank control.Then 112 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 7 groups ( each group had sixteen mice, half male and half female ): group A ( preconditioned with LPS 0.25 mg· kg-1· time-1), group B ( preconditioned with LPS 0.5 mg · kg-1 · time-1 ), group C (preconditioned with LPS 1 mg· kg-1 · time-1 ), group D (preconditioned with LPS 1.5 mg· kg-1 · time-1 ) , group E ( preconditioned with sterile normal saline) , group F ( incision infected) , and group G ( blank control) .LPS was given by intraperitoneal injection 48 h and 24 h before the establishing of the infection model.Body temperature was monitored every day after the model established, blood routine examination was performed on d3 and d7, and serum cytokines was detected on d7.All the mice were sacrificed on d7, and soft tissues around the incision were taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining.Repeated measures ANOVA and univariate ANOVA were performed for data analysis. Results Redness and suppuration were observed in 6 mice infected with 0.5 mL bacteria suspension, respectively, then 0.5 mL bacteria suspension was used for LPS preconditioning experiments.With LPS preconditioning, the body temperatures of mice in group B were with relatively minor changes, and the rises of white blood cells and lymphocytes on d3 and d7 were relatively modest.Granulocytes in group B returned to the normal level on d7.Besides, the rises of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αin group B were also less, while IL-10 was increased greatly.Suppuration was observed in 4 mice in group B ( 4/16, 25.00%), and the rate was lower than group D, E and F (χ2 =7.988, 19.940 and 19.940,P<0.01). Conclusion LPS (0.5 mg· kg-1 · time-1 ) preconditioning can reduce the severity of incision infection caused by MRSA in mice.

AIM:To investigate the role of PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in the protection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) against limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.METHODS:ALI was induced by limb I/R in the SD rats.Na2 SO3 (0.54 mmol/kg, ip)/NaHSO3 (0.18 mmol/kg, ip) as SO2 donor was injec-ted at 20 min before reperfusion.The inhibitors of JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways, Stattic (3 mg/kg, iv) and LY294002 (40 mg/kg, iv), respectively, were injected at 1 h before reperfusion.Peripheral blood and lung tissues were collected for determining the contents of the cytokines, the protein levels of the molecules related to the signaling pathways, apoptosis and histopathologic changes by ELISA, TUNEL and Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with control group, the content of MDA, the activity of MPO, lung coefficient, apoptotic index, cytokine expression, and the protein levels of p-Akt and p-STAT3 in I/R group all increased significantly, and administration of Na2 SO3/NaHSO3 attenuated the damage in the lung.Besides, the results of Western blot showed that the rat lung tissues expressed p-STAT3 protein and p-Akt pro-tein.After I/R, the protein levels of p-STAT3 and p-Akt were increased.After using Na2 SO3/NaHSO3 , p-Akt was in-creased, but p-STAT3 was decreased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Both JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways are like-ly involved in the protective effect of SO2 against limb I/R-induced ALI in rats.The activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway increases I/R injury.Reversely, the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway reduces I/R injury.Besides, JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways may have crosstalk during I/R-induced ALI and JAK2/STAT3 pathway may have an impact on the P13K/Akt pathway.

BACKGROUND:Some studies have shown that blocking the venous return can promote fracture healing but there is no study about the effect of repeated transient ischemia on promoting fracture healing. OBJECTIVE:To observe the promoting effect of repeated transient ischemia on early fracture healing based on micro-CT technique. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were used to make animal models of right tibial midpiece closed fractures folowed by K-wire fixation. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: 24-hour group, 48-hour group, 72-hour group and control group. Tourniquet was used on the root of the affected thigh, inflated for 10 minutes, and then released for 10 minutes. Three above-mentioned cycles were taken as an ischemic treatment. At 24 hours after fracture fixation, the ischemic treatment was first carried out, and after that, it was done every 24 hours in the 24-hour group, every 48 hours in the 48-hour group and every 72 hours in the 72-hour group. In the control group, the tourniquet with no inflation was used once on the right lower limb every 24 hours after fixation. Al the rats were kiled at 2 weeks after modeling to take out the right tibia with removal of K-wires for micro-CT observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The trabecular bone volume and total volume in the regions of interest were significantly higher in the 24-hour group than the other three groups (P < 0.05), but the tissue mineral density and calus tissue mineral density were significantly lower in the 24-hour group than the other three groups (P < 0.05).There was no significant statistical difference in the bone volume fraction among the four groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that within 2 weeks after fractures, the repeated transient ischemia can promote fracture healing, which may be related to the improvement in the secretion of growth factor, revascularization and osteoblast proliferation induced by repeated transient ischemia.

Objective To explore the influence of brief ischemic on fracture healing.Methods Two hundred and forty wistar rats (weight was 200 g and half male) were made the right tibial midpiece closed fracture model.1.0 mm K-wires were used to fix the fractures.Rats were divided into 4 groups.Group A was 24 hours,group B was 48 hours,group C was 72 hours,and group D was the control group.Tourniquet was used on the root of the thigh of right lower limb.Tourniquet was inflated 10 min,then released 10 min,and repeated 3 times to make the brief ischemic model.48 rats were made brief ischemic at 24 hours after the fracture fixed.Then group A was at every 24 hours,group B was at every 48 hours,and group C was at every 72 hours made brief ischemic.Group D at every 24 hours after the fracture fixed was used tourniquet on the root of thigh of right lower limb each time 1 hour,but the tourniquet was not inflated.Group A,B,and C were made brief ischemic 5 weeks.Group D was tourniquet treated 5 weeks.Group A and D at 1 day,3 days,5 days,and 7 days after fracture fixed were detected the serum VEGF.All groups of rats were X-ray examinated and detected of serum VEGF at every two weeks after the fracture fixed.Every two weeks,every group randomly selected 12 rats to do immunohistochemical staining.We used the Image Pro Plus software to quantitative compare the IGF-2 positive cells in the fracture area.Results X-ray results were used three points method for analyzing.The scores of group A,B,and C were significantly higher than group D at 2 weeks,4 weeks,6 weeks after fracture fixed (P ＜ 0.05).The scores between group A,B,and C were no significant statistical difference at 2 weeks,4 weeks,6 weeks after fracture fixed (P ＞ 0.05).The levels of serum VEGF of group A were significantly higher than group D at 3days,5days,and 7 days after fracture fixed (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of serum VEGF of group B and C were obviously higher than group A and D at 2 weeks (P ＜ 0.05),and there was no obvious difference between group B and C (P =0.79,P =0.90,P =0.88).The same result was found between group A and D (P =0.94,P =0.551,P =0.53).There were no significant difference between four groups on the levels of serum VEGF at 8 weeks (P =0.66).Immunohistochemical results were that group B,group C VEGF positive cells were significantly higher than group A and group D at 2 weeks,4 weeks,6 weeks (P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in group B and group C (P =0.19,P =0.10,P =0.38),or group A and group D (P =0.07,P =0.17,P =0.18).There was no significantly different in four groups at 8 weeks (P =0.08).Conclusions Brief ischemic can promote the healing of fracture and stimulate the expression of VEGF.The mechanism may be related to the signal channels of VEGF and other biological factors.This study will give new idea to clinic for promoting fracture healing.