Objective To compare the efficacy of different antibiotics strategy,introperitoneal (IP) cefazolin plus third-generation cephalosporin versus IP Vancomycin plus thirdgeneration cephalosporin on peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis.Methods All episodes of PD -associated peritonitis happened in prevalent PD patients between January 2008 and December 2012 were recruited from the PD Center of Peking University First Hospital.According to their empiric antibiotics scheme,episodes were divided into group A (where IP cefazolin plus third-generation cephalosporins were administrated) and group B (where IP Vancomycin plus third-generation cephalosporins were administrated).Multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore the influence of different emnpiric antibiotics scheme on peritonitis outcome.Results Patients in Group B had significantly lower level of serum albumin (33.5±6.0 vs 35.3±5.2 g/L) and cholesterol (4.6±1.3 vs 4.9± 1.1 mmol/L) than those in group A.In group A,the percentage of gram-positive bacteria was similar to group B (43.2％ vs 43.3％,P =0.96),but gram-negative bacteria was numerically lower (16.9％ vs 24.7％,P =0.08).Different empiric antibiotics strategy was not independent predictor of peritonitis outcome [OR =1.07,95％ CI(0.45,2.56),P=0.87].Conclusion Both cefazolin and vancomycin can be selected as first-line empiric antibiotic covering gram-positive organisms in the treatment of PD related peritonitis.

In China, fall ranks the top 3 among adverse events in hospital and it is the first cause of death in the elderly aged 65 and above. Fall risk factors and characteristics, nursing assessment and nursing care interventions are reviewed in this paper to explore risk factors and further improve the nursing care interventions for falls in hospitalized elderly patients.

Objective:To present the learning curve of robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by a single surgeon.Methods:The clinical data of 100 patients with renal tumor who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from February 2016 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 64 males and 36 females. The average age was 51.5(18-79) years. The average body mass index (BMI) was 24.9(19-31)kg/m 2. TNM stage was T 1N 0M 0, which indicated partial nephrectomy. The tumors were located on the left in 38 cases and on the right in 62 cases. The average maximum diameter of tumor was 3.9(1.0-6.7) cm, and the average R. E.N.A.L. score was 6.7(4-11). All operations were performed by a single surgeon. This group of operations were the first 100 robot cases for this surgeon. The mean machines docking time was 14(10-30) min, the mean operation time was 119.2(60-240) min, the mean warm ischemia time was 16.7(0-45) min, and the estimated mean blood loss was 105.2(30-500) ml. There was no conversion to open surgery or laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. No serious complications occurred (Dindo calvein grade ≥ grade Ⅲ). There were 1 case of lower extremity intramuscular venous thrombosis, 1 case of urinary fistula, 1 case of pulmonary infection and 1 case of peri-kidney hematoma after operation. All patients were cured after conservative treatment without further operation or intervention. Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) test was used to fit the learning curve of docking time and operation time, and to judge the three different learning stages of robot surgery according to the inflection of the curve (CUSUM stop rising, and CUSUM begin to decline). The characteristics of patients and perioperative data of different learning stages were compared. Result:According to the CUSUM, the learning curve of robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was 19 cases. According to the inflection point of operation time learning curve, 100 cases could be divided into three stages, 1st-19th cases were learning stage, 20th-43rd cases were mastering stage and 44th-100th cases are proficient stage. There were no significant differences in age, gender, tumor side, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative pathological type, total cost of hospitalization and incidence of complications among the three stages ( P>0.05). The median BMI in the learning stage was significantly lower than that in the mastery stage and the proficiency stage (23 kg/m 2, 26 kg/m 2, 25 kg/m 2, P=0.02). The median docking time(20 min, 12 min, 12 min), median operation time (150 min, 120 min, 100 min) and median warm ischemia time (21 min, 18 min, 15 min)were gradually shortened in the learning stage, mastering stage and proficient stage ( P<0.001). The median length of postoperative hospital stay in mastering stage and proficient stage was shorter than that in learning stage (7 d, 6 d, 6 d, P=0.011). The median maximum diameter of tumor (3.7 cm, 3.9 cm, 4.0 cm)and median R. E.N.A.L. score (6, 7, 7)increased gradually in learning stage, mastering stage and proficient stage, but the difference was not statistically significant( P=0.75, P=0.16). Conclusions:The learning curve of robotic assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for an experienced surgeon is about 19 cases. After the completion of the learning curve, the docking time, operation time, warm ischemia time and postoperative hospital stay of patients can be significantly shortened than the initial period, and more difficult renal tumor operations can be accomplished.

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of domestic Kangduo robotic surgery system in adrenalectomy.Methods:This study summarized the clinical data of patients with adrenal adenoma who were operated by domestic kangduo robot from November 2020 to April 2021. This study was approved by the hospital ethics committee, and the clinical trials of medical devices were filed. Inclusion criteria: age 18-75 years old; all of them in accordance with the indication of adrenalectomy; tumor volume≤6 cm; agree to sign the informed consent, follow the doctor's advice and follow up regularly. Exclusion criteria: patients with ipsilateral upper abdominal surgery history; patients with severe uncontrolled disease or acute infection; patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, blood system diseases and immune system diseases that are not controlled and can not reach the operation standard; pregnant or lactating women. All patients underwent robot assisted adrenalectomy. The general information and perioperative data of the patients were summarized.Results:Five patients were included in this study, including 1 male and 4 female. The average age was 49 (34-61)years old. There were 2 cases on the left and 3 cases on the right. The average diameter of tumor was 2.2 (1.1-3.7) cm. All patients showed adenoma by CT examination. Two cases were diagnosed as primary aldosteronism, one as Cushing's syndrome, and two as nonfunctional adenoma. All the operations were successfully completed in 5 cases, including 4 cases via retroperitoneal approach and 1 case via peritoneal approach. The average docking time was 3.8 (3-6) min, the average operation time was 56.2 (21-92) min, and the average blood loss was 34 (20-50) ml. The postoperative pathology was adrenal cortical adenoma. The average postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 (3-5) days. No postoperative complications occurred in 5 cases. Two patients with primary aldosteronism had hypertension and hypokalemia before operation, and they needed oral antihypertensive drugs to control them. They did not need medication after operation, and their blood pressure and potassium were maintained at normal levels. All patients were followed up for average 1.5(0.5-5.0)months.Conclusions:Domestic robot assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy has the advantages of few blood loss, short operation time, few complications. It’s a safe and effective operation, but the conclusion needs to be further verified by large sample and multi-center study.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mediastinal Cyst ; pathology ; Young Adult

Objective To explore the clinical and pathological characters of Xp1 1.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma.Method We screened patients of renal cell carcinoma of PUMCH between Jan.2011 and Dec.2015,6 patients with Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma were found.There were 2 males and 4 females,with average age of 39 (ranging from 16 to 73 years old).Diameter of tumor ranged from 1.9cm to 19.0cm,and 9.6cra in average.Among which,3 cases were detected by routine physical examination,1 by severe anemia (Hb 66g/L),1 by gross hematuria,and 1 by flank discomfort.Before treatment,2 cases had local metastasis (local lymph node,renal pelvis invasion),1 had distant metastasis (pulmonary metastasis).CT examination showed that the tumors had soft tissue density / low density,with significant enhancment or uneven enhancement in enhanced scanning,and were all considered malignancy.6 patients were all treated with surgeries,of which 5 patients received radical nephrectomy,1 patient received nephron sparing surgery.Result Pathologically,most clear cells arranged in a papillary,nest like structure,with psaamoma bodies in them.Immunohistochemical examination showed that all patients were positive for TFE3.AE1/AE3,RCC,Vimentin,CD10,EMA,P504 were positive in different degree.According to pathological result,all 6 patients were proved to be Xp1 1.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma.After surgery,2 patients received immunotherapy,2 received targeted drug therapy,and 1 received local radiotherapy.The follow-up duration ranged from 9 to 56 months (average 37 months).Among which,1 patient died from tumor recurrence and multiple metastasis 22 months after surgery,1 had pulmonary metastasis 12 months after surgery,and the tumor had no significant progress after receiving targeted drug therapy.All the other patients survive without tumor recurrence.Conclusions Xp1 1.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma predominantly occurs in children and adults younger than 40 years.Arterial phase enhancement is slightly lower for Xp1 1.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma in CT scan than that of renal clear cell carcinoma.Histological features and immunohistochemical staining of TFE3 positive expression are important means of diagnosis of this disease.If necessary,gene detection could be done to make better diagnose.Surgery is preferred treatment option.Metastatic leads to poor prognosis,and need to be supplemented by targeted drug therapy.

Objective A method was developed for determination of the total triterpene glycosides in different sea cucumbers.Methods A holostane triterpene glycoside called Echinoside A was taken as the reference standard.Triterpene glycosides were reacted with vanillin and perchloric acid.The sea cucumbers were extracted by 60% ethanol and partitioned between water and n-butanol to gain the total triterpene glycosides.The contents of total triterpene glycosides in 11 kinds of sea cucumbers were determined with the standard curve.And the relationships of the triterpene glycosides content among different sea cucumber species,growth environment,process technique,etc.were discussed by the value of TG/P(triterpene glycosides content /protein content).Results The determination wavelength was confirmed to be 560nm and the standard curve was determined as y-1.3414x-0.0077.The ab-sorbance was of a good linearity in the mass range of 0-0.5mg with R2 =0.9994.The recovery of this method was(99.01?2.82)% and the relative standard deviation was 4.68%.Conclusion The method has been proved to be convenient,reliable and suitable for the analysis of triterpene glycosides in sea cucumbers.

AIM: To compare the clinical results of suture method and partial eyelash resection treating for pediatric eyelid trichiasis, and screen an effective method for the treatment of pediatric lower eyelid trichiasis.
METHODS: Fifty-six cases of pediatric patients with lower eyelid trichiasis were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group in accordance with the method of drawing lots, and each group was 28 cases. The control group was treated with suture method, and the observation group was treated with partial eyelash resection. The clinical efficacy, patient satisfaction before and after treatment, and the incidence of complications were compared.
RESULTS:(1) The clinically total effective rate was 74%of the control group, which was 89% of the observation group, and there were statistical differences of the clinical efficacy between the two groups ( P<0. 05 ); ( 2 ) the satisfaction scores were (3. 89±1. 22) points and (6. 27±1-86) points of the the control group before and after treatment, which were ( 4. 00±1. 34 ) points and ( 8-95±2-34) points of the observation group, and there were statistical differences of the two groups before and after treatment (P<0. 05), and the scores of the observation group were higher than that of the control group ( P<0-05);(3) complications such as swelling and stitches off appeared in both groups, and the rate was 21% in the control group, which was 11% in the observation group, and there were statistical differences between the two groups (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: The treatment of children with lower eyelid trichiasis, suture method is simple and can be performed under local anesthesia in collaboration with children, but with a higher relapse rate, some patients required reoperation;partial resection of eyelashes can be more thoroughly solve the problem of pediatric eyelid trichiasis with low recurrence rate, but children need to be under general anesthesia with some of big risk. So partial resection of eyelashes is unsuitable for using in clinical practice widely and can be used in special cases.

Objective To evaluate prognostic significance of early lactate clearance rate for cardiogenic shock patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO).Methods Forty-seven patients with cardiogenic shock supported by venoarterial ECMO were prospectively enrolled from May 2010 to May 2013.Arterial blood lactate at pre-ECMO support(0 h),at post-ECMO 6 hours(6 h) were measured and then 6 h lactate clearance rate was calculated.90 days after admission was the endpoint of research.Patients were divided into the survival group(n =25) and the death group(n =22).6 h lactate clearance rate was compared between groups.The 6 h lactate clearance rate for predicting death was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.The surviving curve was drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method,and the survival of the patients was analyzed by the Log-rank test.Factors influencing the prognosis were analyzed by applying the multiplelogistic regression analysis.Results The 6 h lactate clearance rate was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors [(38.6 ± 15.1) ％ vs.(14.4 ± 13.8) ％,P ＜ 0.05].The area under the ROC curve of 6 h lactate clearance rate for predicting death was 0.869 ± 0.075 (95％ CI:0.753-0.991).The best cutoff point was 20.0％ with a sensitivity of 92.0％ and specificity of 85.0％.KaplanMeier survival analysis showed that 90 days survival rate of high lactate clearance rate group and low lactate clearance rate group were 66.7％ and 35.0％,with significant difference between the two groups(Log-rank test,P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that 6 h lactate clearance rate (OR =3.156,95 ％ CI:2.326-7.253,P ＜ 0.05) was one of the independent risk factors associated with mortality of patients on ECMO.Conclusion Early lactate clearance rate could be used as an important maker for evaluating the prognosis of cardiogenic shock patients on ECMO.

Objective To study the value of medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of cryptogenic pleural effusions.Methods Medical thoracoscopy was performed in 106 patients with cryptogenic pleural effusion.Pleural biopsies were routinely performed.Results Pathologic diagnosis was obtained in 102 patients,with pleural metastasis of lung cancer in 28 cases,malignant pleural mesothelioma in 9 cases,malignant lymphoma in l case,pleural metastasis of other cancer in 3 cases,pleural tuberculosis in 40 cases,inflammation in 16 cases and sarcoidosis in 1 case.No abnormality was seen by medical thoracoscopy in 4 patients.Conclusions Medical thoracoscopy is a safe and well-tolerated procedure with high diagnostic accuracy to cryptogenic pleural effusion,and ideal pleural organ can be obtained under direct vision.The positive rate of diagnosis of pleural effusions is improved significantly by medical thoracoscopy.