Objective To understand the effect of circumcision in reducing high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in male adults. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight married adults with phimosis who underwent circumcision enrolled in the case group and high-risk HPV of urethral discharge specimens were detected before and 2 years after operation. A total of 128 cases of phimosis without circumcision were recruited in the control group. High-risk HPV infection rates were compared between the two groups. Results The highrisk HPV infection rates in the two groups were comparable at baseline. In the circumcision group, high-risk HPV infection rate was 27. 3% preoperative and it significantly decreased to 12.5% two years after operation( x2 =8. 839 ,P =0. 005). In the control group,high risk HPV infection rate was 28. 1% at baseline and it was 25.0%two years later, with no significant difference (x2 =0.320,P = 0.671).Conclusion Circumcision can significantly reduce high-risk HPV infection. Promoting circumcision actively in our country may have an important role in preventing high-risk HPV infection.

Xanthii Fructus is a traditional medicine for the treatment of nasal diseases in clinic, mainly come from the burs of Xanthium sibiricum with a worldwide distribution. By sorting and studying literature of Chinese medicine and comparing different figures recorded with the morphological description of several species from Xanthium (Asteraceae) in the Flora of China, combining the biological investigation in resource survey, the article pointed out that the burs or the whole herbs of X. mongolicum, as well as X. sibiricum, has been used by the traditional Chinese medicine in ancient time. It provides a reference for further studies in the future.
China ; Herbal Medicine ; history ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Xanthium ; anatomy & histology ; classification

Objective To study inflammatory cytokines changes in brain tissue of neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).Method A total of 80 neonatal SD rats (P3) were randomly assigned into 2 equal groups,sham-operated group and PVL group.Rats in each group were further assigned into four subgroups (12,24,48,72 h),with 10 rats in each subgroup.The hypoxic-ischemic PVL modal were established following the procedure:first,isolation and ligation of left common carotid artery,and then exposed to 8％ O2 and 92％ N2 for 2.5 h.The sham-operated rats were processed with isolation of left common carotid artery only.Rats of the four subgroups were sacrificed at 12,24,48 h and 72 h respectively,then the brains were rapidly removed in corresponding time.Pathological changes of brain tissues were observed using HE stain.The mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)and inter leukin-1β (IL-1β) were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR assays,the protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method.Result The brains tissues of rats in PVL group showed remarkably hyperemia and edema,with left ventricle enlargement.Periventricular white matter structure was disintegrated comparing with sham-operated group.The expression of TNF-α and IL-1 β mRNA in PVL group increased significantly,reaching peak by 24 h and then gradually decreased 72 h after the procedure.The mRNA levels of TNF-c and IL-1 β were significantly different between each two time points of 12,24 h and 48 h in PVL group (P ＜0.05).However,there was no differences between 72 h and 48 h within PVL and sham-operated group group(P ＞0.05).In PVL group,the protein expression trends of TNF-α and IL-1 β were similar to mRNA expression trends.Moreover,the protein levels were significantly different between each two time points of TNF-α and IL-1 β,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).The protein expression levels of TNF-α were different at each time point between PVL group and sham-operated group[(189.2 ± 20.4) pg/ml vs.(131.4 ±5.2) pg/ml at 12 h,(213.8 ± 16.7) pg/ml vs.(127.7 ±7.4) pg/ml at 24 h,(181.7 ± 15.0) pg/ml vs.(126.3 ± 6.0) pg/ml at 48 h,(159.6 ± 25.3) pg/ml vs.(131.4 ± 6.0) pg/ml at 72 h;P ＜0.01].The protein levels of IL-1β were different between the two groups only at 24 h and 48 h.[(121.8 ±30.0) pg/ml vs.(67.4 ± 13.7) pg/ml,(83.3 ± 15.7) pg/ml vs.(65.3 ± 14.9) pg/ml;P ＜0.05].In sham-operated group,no differences of TNF-α and IL-1 β protein levels were found between any different time points (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β are involved in ischemic-hypoxia induced PVL.Dynamic detection of inflammatory factors is expected to be an important method of early diagnosis,assessment of treatment efficacy and prognosis of PVL.

ObjectiveToinvestigatetheeffectsofcaveolin1(Cav1)onexpressionsofproinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1βand IL-6 in the ischemic cortex after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Methods The Cav-1 knockout mice (n=40) and wild-type mice (n=40) were randomly divided into ischemia groups and sham operation groups (n=20 in each group). They w ere also redivided into ischemia or sham operation at 3, 7, 10 and 14 d time points ( n=5 in each time point). A permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model w as induced by the suture method. Immunohistochemical method w as used to detect the expressions of IL-1βand IL-6 in the ischemic cortex. Results The expression levels of IL-1βand IL-6 in the ischemic cortex at each time point in the ischemia group in Cav1 knockout mice w ere significantly higher than those in the ischemia group in the w ild-type mice ( al P< 0.05 ). Conclusions The upregulations of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1βand IL-6 in the ischemic cortex in Cav1 knockout mice suggests that Cav1 plays an important role in aleviating inflammation after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the identification and optimal breeding method of caveolin-1 knockout mice, and provide an ideal animal model for further study of the role of caveolin-1 in cerebral ischemic injury and repair. Meth?ods The introduced caveolin-1 gene knockout mice were reared in the SPF laboratory and genomic DNA was extracted from mouse tail tissue by the method of boiling lysis. According to the primer sequences provided by the Jackson Laboratory of America for polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) to detect the genotypes, with the four different ways of mating:caveolin-1 +/ -heterozygote intercrossing, heterozygous and homozygous caveolin-1 -/ -hybrid ( orthogonal and pay) as well as homo-zygous intercrossing. The pregnancy rate, shape characteristics of the filial generation mice and homozygous rate of the pa-rental mice were observed. Results Agarose gel electrophoresis results indicated that the size of molecular weight of the PCR products was about 200 bp and 661 bp, which were consistent with the expected target gene fragment, and identified caveolin-1 gene knockout mice of different genotypes successfully. The results of different mating patterns are basically in a-greement with Mendel rule, and the female and male aveolin-1 -/ -homozygous mice had a certain ability to reproduce, three different genotypes of mice had no significant differences between the shape features. Conclusions PCR can fast and reliably identify the genotypes of caveolin-1 knockout mice using genomic DNA through the method of boiling lysis. Combi- ning the breeding methods of intercrossing of caveolin-1 heterozygous mice and intercrossing of caveolin-1 homozygous mice may be a good way to obtain enough homozygous mice and homologous wild type mice in a short period.

Repetitive(repetitive extragenic palindromic,REP,and enterobaterial repetitive intergenic consensus,ERIC) sequences in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction technique(REP and ERIC PCR) were used to fingerprint the genomes of 27 isolates of indigenous soybean rhizobia from Xinjiang.The indigenous soybean rhizobia in Xinjiang can be clustered into relative genetic similarities of approximately 0.5,of which one group mainly includes all slow-growing rhizobia,another mainly includes all fast-growing stains. REP and ERIC PCR analysis demonstrate a substantial genetic variability within members of Xinjiang indigenous soybean rhizobial populations, which reveals that genetic similarities have certain geographical correlation, and isolates from the same site have relative higher similarities.The results show that REP and ERIC PCR analysis give effective means in genetic diversity and population structure analysis of soybean rhizobia.

Objective To provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatments of colorectal cancer by studying the clinical characteristics and incidence tendency of colorectal cancer in recent 12 years in Kunming. Methods The data of 1628 colorectal cancer patients from 2001 to 2012 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University were collected. The clinic pathological data of all patients was divided into 2001-2006 (Agroup) and 2007-2012 (B group) two consecutive time periods for statistical analysis according to its time of onset. Results The incidence of colorectal cancer in the city rose from 49.2%to 56.0%, and the incidence of colorectal cancer in rural areas decreased from 50.8%to 44%( <0.05) .The location ratio of colorectal cancer in the rectum decreased from 74.8%to 73.9%, in the left half colon ratio increased from 14.8%to 19%, while the right colon ratio decreased from 10.4% to 7.1% ( < 0.05) . The change in the three parts had statistically significant difference between two consecutive time periods. The percentage of colorectal cancer patients in Dukes A stage rose from 13.4% to 18.8%, while the percentage of patients in Dukes D stage decreased from 22.3% to 14.5% ( <0.01) . Conclusions The incidence of colorectal cancer in Kunming gradually increases.The morbidity in the city is significantly higher than that in the country. The ratio of left half colon cancer is rising, but the ratio of rectal cancer and right half colon cancer is falling. The early diagnosis rate of colorectal cancer is on the rise.

Objective To study the inlfuence of the allicin on abnormal crypt focus(ACF). in Wister rat model. Methods 60 Wister rats were subcutaneous injected by dimethylhydrazine (DMH), according to 20 mg/kg weight, once a week, feeding 18 weeks continuously. All of the rats were randomly divided into allicin group and non-allicin group, each group was divided into three groups evenly, and put to death at 8, 16 and 24 weeks after medication separately. Large intestines were observed after dyeing. Results Large intestines were divided into ten equally, and all pieces were observed. ACF were almostly distributed in the middle and distal of the large intestines, about in 50%-80%.The basic situation of non-allicin group was as follows:ACF at 8 weeks was 63.97±1.22 on average per each, 16 weeks was 83.97±1.13, 24 weeks was 69.33±2.01. The basic situation of allicin group:ACF at 8 weeks was 9.4±1.12 on average per each , 16 weeks was 7.17±1.33, 24 weeks was 4.97±1.23.The occurrence of ACF in non-allicin group was higher than allicin group, the differences of incidence rate and number of ACF between two groups was significant (χ2=15.88,P<0.01).Conclusion Allicin can significantly reduce the number of ACF in Wister rats, lower the incidence of colorectal cancer, has prevention effect.

Background The pathological foundation of diabetic retinopathy is the breakdown of the bloodretina barrier induced by multifactors.Objective This study was to investigate the retinal morphologic change and the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),endothelin(ET)and nitric oxide(NO)in diabetic rats.Methods Forty healthy female SD rats were randomly divided into experimental group and control group and 20 rats for each group.Acute diabetes models were established by the intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin in experimental group and the equal volume of buffer solution was injected at the same way in the control group.The serum VEGF level,ET level and NO concentration of diabetic and control rats were detected using ELISA double antibody sandwich method,125I radioimmune method and nitrate reduction method respectively at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks after injection.The eyeballs of rats were enucleated at the eighth week for retinal pathologic examination.This experiment followed the Measures for the administration of experimental animals of Shanghai City.Results The retinal structure was normal throughout the experimental duration in the control group.However,retinal edema and cellular disorganization appeared at 4 months and retinal blooding could be seen with the extending of diabetes course.The levels of serum VEGF and ET in each experimental group were significantly higher than those in control groups(P＜0.05).The levels of serum NO elevated in 2-month experimental group compared with same-phase control group(Z =-2.193,P＜0.05),and those in 6-and 8-month experimental groups were significantly lower than in corresponding control groups(Z =-2.449,Z =-2.236,P＜0.05).With the progression of the disease,the levels of VEGF and ET increased gradually,but the levels of NO decreased gradually,showing statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The level of serum VEGF showed a positive correlation with serum ET level and a negative correlation with the serum NO concentration(r=-0.814,r=-0.803,P＜0.01)in the experimental group.A negative leaner relation was also found between serum ET level and serum NO concentration(r=0.821,P＜0.01).Conclusions The serum VEGF,ET and NO levels are closely associated with the degree of retinal lesion in early diabetic models.These results suggest that serum VEGF,ET and NO levels may be the important indexes predicting the course of retinal disease in diabetic rats.

?AlM: To analyze and study the changes of intraocular pressure ( lOP) , visual field and P-ERG on patients with big cup/disk (C/D) in 24h.
?METHODS: A total of 120 cases ( 240 eyes ) diagnosed with big C/D (C/D>0. 3) were divided into group A (C/D<0. 6, 67 cases, 114 eyes ) and group B ( C/D≥0. 6, 73 cases, 126 eyes). Forty cases (80 eyes) with small C/D (C/D≤0. 3) were chosen as control group. All cases underwent 24h lOP examination, vision examination of 30-2 SlTA - standard static threshold and pattern electroretinogram ( P-ERG) examination. The differences between the examination indexes of the three groups were analyzed.
?RESULTS:There was no significant statistical difference in the 24h average lOP (P>0. 05) among the three groups, while the amplitudes had significant statistical differences (P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the lOP amplitudes of group B were obviously higher, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0. 05). ln terms of static threshold visual fields, the mean deviations (MD) and pattern standard deviations (PSD) of the three groups had significant statistical differences ( P < 0. 05 ). Comparison between every two groups:compared with the control group, the MD and the PSD were significantly increased in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0. 05); while there was no significant statistical difference in group A (P>0. 05);Compared with group A, the MD and the PSD were significantly higher in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0. 05). ln terms of P-ERG examination, there was no significant statistical difference in P50’s latent periods among the three groups (P>0. 05), but there were significant statistical differences in amplitudes (P<0. 05). Comparison between every two groups: compared with the control group, the P50’s amplitude was significantly decreased in group B, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0. 05), while there was no significant statistical difference in group A (P>0. 05); Compared with group A, the P50’s amplitude of group B was significantly lower, and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0. 05).
?CONCLUSlON: When the patients’ C/D is no less than 0. 6, there are obvious changes of 24h lOP, static threshold visual field and P-ERG’s P50 wave. For patients with big C/D, a single lOP examination is far from sufficient, so an in-depth visual function examination should be performed. Meanwhile, it’s feasible to regard C/D 0. 6 as a screening criterion for suspected glaucoma.