The present study was undertaken to determine the pattern of infestation with the encysted larvae of digenetic trematodes in freshwater fish collected in both the natural and fish breeding ponds in Kyungpook Province, Korea. The fish collected in the two natural ponds, Nass-chil, and Sa-il, and three fish breeding ponds, Deok-dong, Mo-gok, and Seongryu-tunnel, were examined from July 1980 to August 1981. The data were compared with the results obtained from freshwater fish caught in the river Kumho by Hwang and Choi(1980). Ten species of fish caught in the ponds were examined for the presence of the larval trematodes. Seven species of the larvae, Clonorchis sinensis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Echinochasmus species, Exorchis oviformis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Metorchis orientails and two kinds of undetermined cyst A and B were found. The infestitation rate for Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria in the Korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus collected in the natural ponds was higher than the rate in the river Kumho by Hwang and Choi(1980), but lower in the fish collected in the breeding ponds. By contrast, the infestation rate in the flat bitterling, Paracheilognathus rhombea in ponds was higher, while there was no change of the rate in the southern top-mouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora parva. The intensity of infestation, expressed as the average number of Clonorchis sinensis metacercaria per gram of flesh, were lower than in the bullhead, Coreobagrus brevicorpus, and Gnathopogon atromaculatus in the ponds in 1981. The intensity was higher in Paracheilognathus rhombea, but no fluctuation in the intensity of infestation in Pseudorasbora parva was observed. The infestation rates and densities for the encysted larvae of digenetic trematodes except for Clonorchis sinensis varied from fish to fish. However, it was found that the rate and intensity of the larval trematodes from all the fish in the ponds was lower than from those in the rivers in Kyungpook Province, Korea.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Cyathocotyle orientalis ; Echinochasmus species ; Exorchis oviformis ; Metacercaria hasegawai ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; Metorchis orientails ; Pseudorasbora parva ; Coreobagrus brevicorpus ; Gnathopogon atromaculatus ; Paracheilognathus rhombea ; Carassius carassius ; Coreoperca herzi ; Cyprinus carpio ; Lipomis macrochirus ; Moroco oxycephalus ; Zacco platypus ; epidemiology

PURPOSE: High flow rate (FR) and pressure limit (PL) strategy with time-cycled pressure-limited (TCPL) ventilator is employed routinely in the neonates. Theoretical basis of this strategy is the two-compartment theory that the lung with acute respiratory failure consists of units with different compliance and resistance. But such constant pressure strategy has the risk of ventilator induced lung injury. We compared the ventilatory indices and clinical outcomes of two different strategies, high FR-constant pressure and low FR-constant FR in the ventilator care of the neonates with acute respiratory failure. METHODS: For the neonates born in our hospital and treated with mechanical ventilation from March to August in 1997, two different ventilator strategies were employed randomly with flow control ventilator. In the high-FR group, the FR was fixed at 10 L/ min and the PL was adjusted according to the arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) results. In the low-FR group, the FR was adjusted to 10 mL/kg of tidal volume. Sixty neonates were enrolled, 32 in high-FR and 28 in low-FR group. Ventilatory indices and clinical outcomes were statistically cornpared in the two groups. RESULTS: Perinatal factors were not different in the two groups. Initial ventilator settings, ABGA results and ventilatory indices were not different. The tidal volume, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak inspired pressure and oxygenation index were higher and dynamic compliance was lower in the high-FR group compared to the low-FR group after 3 to 72 hours of ventilator care. In clinical outcomes, incidences of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax and chronic lung disease were significantly lower in the low-FR group. CONCLUSION: Low-FR with constant FR strategy resulted in better clinical outcomes in the ventilator care of neonates. We conclude that constant FR strategy prevents damage of the better compliant lung units and decreases the incidence of acute and chronic complications of ventilator care.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Compliance ; Emphysema ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn* ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Oxygen ; Pneumothorax ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency* ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury ; Ventilators, Mechanical

The immunoreactivities of surgically removed 16 cardiac myxomas were studies for factor VIII-related Ag (F VIII-RA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) and desmin alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and this study was accompained by a clinicopathologic review. More than 50% of the patients with cardiac myxomas were in their fourth and fifth decades, and cardiac myxomas were much more common in women than in men. All but on occurred in the left atrium, and the majority were attached to the atrial septum, usually in the region corresponding to the fossa ovalis. In one case, an atrial myxoma recurred 37 months after the initial excision. Microscopically, the myxomas contained a myxoid matrix composed of acid mucopolysaccharides within which were embedded polygonal cells. The cells forming both the surface and complicated vascular like channels throuhout the myxoid stroma tested positive for F VIII-RA and UEA-I. The outer cell layers of the complex vascular structures demonstrated variable staining for F VIII-RA, while isolated bundles of smooth muscle cells were present and stained for desmin. A small number of the so-called myxoma cells, immunoreactive for alpha1-antichymotrypsin which were not laden with hemosiderin pigment but were similar to histiocytes, were present particularly around the areas of hemorrhage. These findings support the current view that cellular and histologic heterogeneity arose from the divergent differentiation of multipotential mesenchymal cells. In particular, it remains to be confirmed by further study whether or not true histiocytic differentiation occurs.
Female ; Male ; Humans

The most common malignant renal neoplasm is renal cell carcinoma. It is estimated that renal cell carcinoma accounts for 1% of all primary malignancies in Korea. Rell cell carcinoma presents diverse clinical courses with gross, histopathologic features. It has been known to be very difficult tumor to predict its clinical prognosis. In Korea, many studies have been reported concerning the clinical aspects of renal cell carcinoma. However, pathological studies of renal cell carcinoma are very few even though studies of nuclear grade have been attempted recently. We reviewed 93 cases of renal cell carcinoma examined in the period from 1978 to 1987 in the department of pathology, Yonsei university college of medicine, Yongdong Severance hospital, Wonju college of medicine and analyzed the histopathologic classification, including nuclear grade according to the Fuhrman's method. We abtained the following results by studying the relationship of the factors which had been known as correlated with the prognosis. 1) The ages of patients ranged from 9 to 74 years with a peak in the 6th decade. 2) The most common symptoms of the patients were hematuria, mass and pain, in that oder, and 7 patients complained to specific symptoms. The incidentally found cases characterized stage I, nuclear grade 2 small tumor size (not more than 4 cm) and clear cell type. 3) The renal cell carcinoma was more frequently located in the left kidney than the right by a ratio of 1.25 : 1. The incidence of intrarenal location was divided to the upper pole, 40% : mid portion, 29% : lower pole, 23% : diffuse involvement, 8%. The tumor shoing diffuse growth pattern had a large size, high nuclear grade and mixed cells. 4) The tumor size averaged 8 cm and there was no significant relationship between the size and stage. Seven cases of neoplasms not more than 3 cm were seen, of which 2 cases revealed an outcome of distant metastasis. 5) The histological pattern showed major solid, 53% : tubular, 11% : mixed, 18% : papillary, 9% and sarcomatoid type 9%. The sarcomatoid type was characterized by grade 4, a larger size(more than 10 cm), advanced stage. 6) There was no special relationship between the stage and grade but mostly grade 2 occupied the stage I. 7) The clear cell type was predominantly noted at grade 2 (65%), at the stage I (63%), granular or mixed cell type at grade 3 (87%), 4 (70%). According to these results, the tumors showing a sarcomatoid histologic pattern, diffuse growth pattern had unfavorable prognostic factors, and are thus estimated to have a poor prognosis. But the case which were incidentally found have favorable prognostic factors and probably a better prognosis. The tumor size alone can not exactly predict the metastasis and is not correlated with the stage. Small renal cell neoplasm (not more than 3 cm) generally has unfavorable prognostic factors and should be considered potentially malignant. The high grade frequently has granular cytoplasm. This represents the relationship between grade and cytoplasm, poor prognosis in the granular cell than the clear. The renal cell carcinoma shows variable prognosis and thus the prognosis should be estimated by all the factors. Nuclear grade can be used as one of the useful prognostic factors.
Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis

STUDY DESIGN: Changes of morphology and phenotype of cultured cells in media added lactate were observed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of lactate on morphology and phenotype of cultured intervertebral disc cell. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: It was reported that lactate and pH were important factor in the degeneration of intervertebral disc. However the effect of lactate on morphology and phenotype of cultured intervertebral disc cell have not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were dissociated enzymatically from rabbit nucleus pulposus. After attaining monolayer growth, the cells were incubated in media added 2mM or 5mM lactate. Total cell counts and morphological changes of the cells were periodically observed. Changes in cell phenotype were investigated by use of anti-collagen antibody stain. RESULTS: The cell groups added no lactate and 2mM lactate showed no difference in cell counts, morphology and phenotype. The cell group added 5mM lactate showed a reduction in final cell Counts and highel'ratio of fibroblastic cell in total population. Anti-collagen I Ab stained the Intra-and extra-cellular area of fibroblastic cells and intracellular area of chondrocytic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that high concentration of lactate inhibit intervertebral disc cell proliferation and accelerate morphological and phenotypical change to fibroblastic cell.
Cell Count ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Lactic Acid* ; Phenotype*

Saccades are rapid eye movements that shift the line of sight between successive points of fixation. The cerebellum calibrates saccadic amplitude (dorsal vermis and fastigial nucleus) and the saccadic pulse-step match (flocculus) for optimal visuo-ocular motor behavior. Based on electrophysiology and the pharmacological inactivation studies, early activity in one fastigial nucleus could be important for accelerating the eyes at the beginning of a saccade, and the later activity in the other fastigial nucleus could be critical for stopping the eye on target, which is controlled by inhibitory projection from the dorsal vermis. The cerebellum could monitor a corollary discharge of the saccadic command and terminate the eye movement when it is calculated to be on target. The fastigial nucleus and dorsal vermis also participate in the adaptive control of saccadic accuracy.
Cerebellum ; Electrophysiology ; Eye Movements ; Saccades* ; Sleep, REM

Cogan's syndrome is a rare chronic inflammatory disease Characterized by non-syphilitic keratitis and vestibuloauditory dysfunction. Although the precise pathogenesis of Cogan's syndrome is unknown, it is thought to develop from vasculitis involving multiple organ system. It can be accompanied with various systemic diseases including arthritis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and aortitis with insufficiency. We report a case of typical Cogan's syndrome with multiple cerebral infarctions.
Aortitis ; Arthritis ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cogan Syndrome ; Keratitis ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Splenomegaly ; Vasculitis

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the scrotum is a rare vascular lesion, which is distinguished histologically by ambiguous vessels displaying both arterial and venous characteristics and abnormal muscularization of variable sized ectatic vessels. Complete excision is recommended as a definitive treatment. Here, a case of arteriovenous malformation involving the scrotal vessels is reported.
Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Scrotum

Anti-M antibody is usually a naturally occurring antibody reacting optimally 4 degrees C and is not considered to be clinically significant. Rarely has anti-M been implicated in hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN) and the true incidence of HDN due to anti-M has not been well delineated. Authors report the second case of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-M in Korea. A 3-days old baby boy was admitted due to jaundice and severe anemia which were developed at birth. The blood type of his mother was A, CcDEe, Ns, while the blood type of the infant of was A, CcDEe, MNs. The mother's serum had anti-M which wits strongnly positive in room temperature and albumin phase. The reaction was only weakly positive in the antiglobulin phase. Direct antiglobulin test of baby's red cells was negative, while the serum was weakly positive in polyethylene glycol-Coombs test. The antibody was found to be partially IgG through the treatment with dithiothreitol. After an exchange transfusion and phototherapy, the anemia and jaundice were corrected and and the patient discharged at the age of 16.
Anemia ; Coombs Test ; Dithiothreitol ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Jaundice ; Korea ; Male ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Phototherapy ; Polyethylene

PURPOSE: As the number of children who attend child care centers has increased, concerns has increased about the effect of child day care on childhood illness. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between experience in child care and common infectious diseases in children under 5 years of age. METHODS: Data were collected by surveying 1,000 respondents with children under age 5 through online interviews using a structured questionnaire. The contents of the survey were composed of demographic characteristics, child care facilities usage, experience in infectious diseases, and immunization status. RESULTS: Among the 1,000 children <5 years of age, 78.5% attended a child care facility. Rates of common communicable illnesses were higher in children in child care than for children reared exclusively at home. The predominant communicable diseases which the respondents' children experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, were gastroenteritis (47.1%), otitis media (41.8%) and pneumonia (19.1%). The immunization rate of vaccines that are not included the national immunization program (NIP) (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine - 76.6%, hepatitis A vaccine - 63.3%, pneumococcal vaccine - 59.4%, rotavirus vaccine - 43.1%) was lower than that of the NIP vaccines (90.4%). CONCLUSION: Children in child care experience more bouts of common infectious disease, so nationwide policies to prevent or to control the spread of infectious agents in a child-care should be available and appropriate immunization should be emphasized as the most effective method for the control of infectious disease for children.
Child ; Child Care ; Communicable Diseases ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Day Care, Medical ; Gastroenteritis ; Hepatitis A Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza, Human ; Otitis Media ; Pneumonia ; Rotavirus ; Vaccination ; Vaccines