Arteriovenous Fistula ; complications ; etiology ; Cardiac Output, High ; Femoral Artery ; Femoral Vein ; Heart Failure ; etiology ; Humans ; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping ; adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged

Adolescent ; Altitude ; Ghrelin ; blood ; Humans ; Overweight ; blood ; Sleep

Aim To explore the effect of pharmacolog-ical activation of serotonin 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2C R) on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-de-pendent mice. Method EthoVision Noldus video tracking system was used to record the effect of 5-HT2C R agonist WAY on locomotor activities and behavioral performances in mice.Results Selective 5-HT2C R ag-onist WAY (0.5,0.75 or 1 .0 mg·kg -1 ,i.p.)a-lone did not alter the locomotor activities as determined by distance traveled and velocity (all P values >0.05).Chronic morphine treatment induced depend-ence in mice as demonstrated by increases in distance traveled,velocity and jumping behavior.WAY (0.5, 0.75 or 1 .0 mg·kg -1 ,i.p.)and clonidine (0.2 mg ·kg -1 ,i.p.)significantly ameliorated naloxone-pre-cipitated withdrawal symptoms,including burrowing, jumping,body grooming,rearing,“wet dog”shakes, head shakes,face grooming,penile grooming,scratch (all P values <0.05).Conclusion Pharmacological activation of 5-HT2C R ameliorates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent mice.5-HT2C R may be a novel target to develop therapeutic ap-proach against morphine physical dependence,craving and relapsing.

Objective To analyze the application of modified abdomen pathway for excising the adrenal huge pheoehromocytoma.Methods One patient(male,42-year-old)had adrenal huge pheochromocytoma.The pheochromocytoma was about 15.0 cm×8.0 cm×7.0 cm.After 3 weeks' preparations,the patient was operated.The operation was made through the modified abdomen pathway for excision,without excising the transverse on peritoneal,and the interference to organs of peritoneal was reduced.The tumor on adrenal gland adhered kidney very tightly.Expanded radical excision including tumor,kidney,adrenal gland was applied.Results The operative time was 300 rain and the volume of bleeding was about 1000 ml.In the operation process,blood pressure of the patient was stable,the visual field of operation was satisfactory.Blood pressure of the patient returned normal 6 months postoperatively.And there was no indication of tumour relapse or matastasis.Conclusion The modified abdomen pathway can expose the satisfactory visual field,and is safe and effective for adrenal gland tumor operation.

Stimulation of cardiac mAChRs by carbachol (CCh) produces a biphasic inotropic response. The mechanisms of the positive inotropic response by higher concentration of CCh appear to be paradoxical. This article was aimed to study the mechanism of the positive inotropic effect of CCh in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. The effects of CCh on L-type calcium current (I(Ca)) and Na/Ca exchange current (I(Na/Ca)) were observed in voltage-clamped guinea pig ventricular myocytes by using Axon 200A amplifier. The results showed that CCh (100 micromol/L) increased both forward mode and reverse mode I(Na/Ca) from (1.2+/-0.1) pA/pF to (2.0+/-0.3) pA/pF for forward mode (P<0.01) and from (1.3+/-0.5) pA/pF to (2.1+/-0.8) pA/pF for reverse mode (P<0.01), respectively. CCh had no effect on I(Ca). The stimulating effect of CCh on I(Na/Ca) could be blocked by application of atropine, a nonselective blocker of muscarinic receptors, which means that the stimulating effect of CCh is through the activation of muscarinic receptors. We made a further study by using methoctramine, a selective antagonist of M2 muscarinic receptors. It completely abolished I(Na/Ca) induced by 100 micromol/L CCh, indicating that the effect of CCh on I(Na/Ca) was mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors. It is generally accepted that contraction in cardiac myocytes results from elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ enters the cells through two pathways: L-type Ca2+ channels and, less importantly, reverse mode Na/Ca exchange. The calcium influx via both pathways promotes the contraction of cardiac myocytes. Because CCh had no effect on L-type Ca2+ current, the increase in Na/Ca exchange current might be the main factor in the positive inotropism of CCh. These results suggest that the positive inotropic effect of CCh in guinea pig heart is through stimulation of Na/Ca exchange and is mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors.
Animals ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; physiology ; Carbachol ; pharmacology ; Cardiotonic Agents ; pharmacology ; Diamines ; pharmacology ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart Ventricles ; Male ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Receptor, Muscarinic M2 ; physiology ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger ; physiology

BACKGROUNDDiffusion weighted imaging (DWI), with the applying of intravoxel incoherent motion model, has showed promising results in obtaining additional information about microperfusion and tubular flow associated with morphologic changes in chronic kidney diseases. The study aims to evaluate the potential of T2-weighted signal intensity (SI) and DWI with mono- and bi-exponential models to reflect the serial changes on cisplatin (CP) induced rat renal fibrosis models.

METHODSMagnetic resonance exams were performed prior to and 2 nd day, 4 th day, 6 th day, 8 th day, 2 nd week, 3 rd week and 4 th week after CP injection at a 3.0T with an animal coil. Besides T2-weighted images (T2WI), DWI of 13 b values from 0 to 1500 s/mm 2 was acquired. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fluid fraction f, pure diffusivity D and pseudodiffusivity DFNx01 values were calculated. The regions of interest were placed on cortex (CO), outer stripe of the outer medulla (OM) and inner stripe of the outer medulla (OM), parameters were measured and compared among different time points. Five rats were scarified at each time point for pathological examination.

RESULTSOM revealed remarkable hyperintense and broadened before it became an obscure thread, while CO demonstrated moderate hyperintense and IM didn't show significant change on T2WI. On all three stripes, ADC values decreased firstly then kept increasing since the 4 th day; f values decreased on all stripes; D values had a tendency to increase with fluctuations but the changes didn't achieve statistical significance; DFNx01 values increased at the 2 nd day then tended to be steady thereafter. Pathological findings revealed tubules epitheliums swelling followed by inflammation cells infiltration, interstitial fibrosis was observed since the 2 nd week.

CONCLUSIONSAll of T2-weighted SI, ADC, and biexponential models parameters vary during fibrotic process; biexponential model is superior to monoexponential model in separating changes of microperfusion together with tubular flow from pure diffusion.

Animals ; Cisplatin ; therapeutic use ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Disease Progression ; Fibrosis ; diagnosis ; Kidney Diseases ; diagnosis ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZYD) on the angiogenesis and injury repair in the ischemic region.

METHODSThe ischemic hind limb rat model was established using Bletilla embolization. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were labeled with DAPI and injected into the model rats from the vena caudalis. Then rats were treated with different doses of XFZYD by gastrogavage. Blood was withdrawn. The granulation tissue and the muscle tissues from ischemic and necrotic portion were taken on the 3rd and 7th day of the medication. The samples were frozen and sliced to analyze the fluorescent expressions. The necrosis of each sample was observed by routine pathological section. The vessels number was counted. The serum NO levels were detected using nitrate reductase method. The macro-morphological observation of ischemic lower limbs were lasted for 30 days.

RESULTSAfter 3 and 7 days of medication, the fluorescence intensity of ischemic area and the number of granulation vessels were significantly more in the high dose XFZYD group than in the routine treatment group and the normal saline treatment groups. The aforesaid indices were significantly higher in the routine treatment group than in the normal saline treatment group after 7 days of medication. The serum NO concentrations were significantly lower in the normal saline group at other time points. On the 30th day of medication, the muscular atrophy of the ischemic hind limbs was the least significant in the high dose XFZYD group.

CONCLUSIONXFZYD could improve the ischemic necrosis by improving the NO level, inducing the EPCs' migration to the ischemic region, and promoting the angiogenesis.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Female ; Ischemia ; pathology ; Male ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; drug effects

Objective To compare the clinical effects between sodium hyaluronate injection and absorbable medical film implantation with arthroscopic release in treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods 40 cases of frozen shoulder patients from September 2015 to December 2016, 20 cases of sodium hyaluronate injection with arthroscopic release (SH group), 20 cases of absorbable medical film implantation with arthroscopic release (Medical Film group), the visual analogue scale (VAS), the shoulder joint function scores of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) between the two groups were compared. Results After 6 months follow-up, the VAS score, ASES score and UCLA score of the two groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05), the difference of VAS score, ASES score and UCLA score between the two groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion The sodium hyaluronate injection and absorbable medical film implantation with arthroscopic release can improve the shoulder function, and there is no significant difference between them.

The effects of 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride (DMA) (a blocker of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger or Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger) on calcium transient and cell contraction in isolated ventricular myocytes in normal rats and rats with myocardial hypertrophy were examined using ion imaging system with a charge coupled digital camera (CCD camera). Loading myocytes with Fura-2, electrically triggered Ca(2+) transients and cell shortening were measured simultaneously. The results showed that 10 micromol/L DMA increased Ca(2+) transient and cell shortening from 209.60+/-54.96 and 3.07+/-0.97 micrometer to 238.50+/-80.41 and 4.07+/-1.02 micrometer, respectively (P<0.05), which was completely abolished by application of KB-R7943, a specific reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger blocker. After blocking L-type Ca(2+) channels by nicardipine, DMA also enhanced Ca(2+) transient and cell shortening. In rats with myocardial hypertrophy, DMA showed the common pharmacologic profile as in normal rats but more intense stimulating effects on Ca(2+) transient and cell contraction. The results suggest that DMA increase Ca(2+) transient and cell contraction via stimulating reverse mode Na(+)/ Ca(2+) exchange, and the stimulating effect is more pronounced in rats with myocardial hypertrophy than in normal ones.
Amiloride ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; drug therapy ; Heart Ventricles ; cytology ; Myocardial Contraction ; drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger ; antagonists & inhibitors ; pharmacology

The present study was to explore the effects of insulin on proliferation of skeletal myoblast cells in rats. Separated and cultured primary skeletal myoblast cells from rats were treated by insulin. By means of the incorporation of (3)H-TdR, BrdU assay and MTT assay, the proliferation of skeletal myoblast cells was detected. Western blot was used to check the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK of myoblast cells. The results showed that insulin significantly promoted the incorporation of (3)H-TdR into cultured skeletal myoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. MTT assay and BrdU assay also showed insulin promoted the proliferation of skeletal myoblast cells. The promotion of skeletal myoblast cells proliferation by insulin was inhibited by PI3K inhibitor wortmannin or MEK inhibitor U0126, and the same phenomenon was shown in L6 and C2C12 cells. Also, insulin increased the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in myoblast cells. These results suggest that insulin may promote proliferation of skeletal myoblast cells through PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways.
Androstadienes ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Butadienes ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Myoblasts, Skeletal ; cytology ; drug effects ; Nitriles ; pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats