OBJECTIVE To investigate the oropharyngeal bacterial carriage in hospitalized elderly patients without acute infections and the antimicrobial resistance,and the risk factors for the bacterial carriage.METHODS An oropharyngeal swab was taken from each patient after they rinsed their mouths with sterile saline.Bacteria were cultured and identified with routine methods and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out with disk diffusion method.RESULTS The oropharyngeal bacterial carriage rate was 55.2% in elderly patients.Sixty two pathogens were isolated including 56(90.3%) strains of Gram-negative bacilli,5(8.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 1 Candida albicans.All of 34 strains of Haemophilus spp were susceptible to antimicrobials tested such as ampicillin and cefaclor,a few strains were resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.Of 10 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae,4 strains were extended-spectrum ?-lactamases positive and resistant to cefotaxime.Logistic analysis indicated that denture-wearing was the risk factor for the oropharyngeal bacterial carriage in elderly.CONCLUSIONS Oropharyngeal bacterial carriage rate is high in hospitalized elderly patients.The major colonized bacteria are Gram-negative bacilli.Denture-wearing is the risk factor for the oropharyngeal bacterial carriage in elderly.

Objective To study the effect of cadmium on the spatiotemporal sequence of Zic_2 expression in the development of the nervous system.Methods Wistar rats were used in the initial portion of the study.Male and female animals were housed together overnight;the presence of sperms by vaginal smearing methods the following morning indicated that copulation had occurred,and that day was designated embryonic day 0.5(E0.5).Forty dams were divided randomly into the control group and the cadmium exposure group.The dams in the cadmium exposure group were treated with cadmium at a dose of 4 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection.The dams of control and cadmium exposure groups were divided 4 subgroups respectively,sacrificed at various times on embryonic days 9.0,9.5,10.5,and 11.5,laparotomized and the one half pregnant uterus were taken out.The embryos were taken out under stereomicroscope and the morphological score of the nervous system were calculated.The other pregnant uterus were fixed fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde routinely embedded in paraffin and coronally sliced into slice 5 ?m of thickness for immunohistochemical staining.Results Cadmium could lead to dysplasia of nervous system in embryos of rats.The main manifestations were growth retardation,delay closure or unclosures pre- and post- neuropores,and so on.Developmental scores of the forebrain,midbrain and hindbrain of rat embryos in the cadmium exposure groups were lower than the corresponding control groups,and in cadmium exposure groups had significant difference compared with those in control group(P0.05).According to developmental overall scores of nervous system,the scores of the cadmium exposure groups were lower than that of the control groups with significant difference on E9.5,E10.0,E10.5 and E11.5(t=2.71,4.72,3.78,and 5.61 respectively,all P

Objective To study the characteristics of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin dry powder inhalation and its relative bioavailability as compared with subcutaneous injection of regular insulin. Methods In this open,single-center,randomized,two-period,cross-over,euglycemic glucose clamp study,18 healthy volunteers(14 men and 4 women),aged(24.9?1.7)years,with body mass index(20.6?1.2)kg/m~2, received the insulin dry powder inhalatin(80 U)or regular insulin(15 U)subcutaneous administration.The blood samples of this study at 0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120,135,150,165,180,195, 210,225,240,270,300,330,360,390,420,450 and 480 rain were taken for serum insulin measurement, meanwhile,glucose infusion rates(GIR)were determined per 5 minutes over a period of 8 hours.Results The C_(max)were(57.9?17.8 vs 114.5?29.7)mU/L(tested vs reference preparation),T_(max)were(46.7?45.6 vs 107.8?33.7)min,GIR_(max)were(3.35?0.98 vs 5.17?1.75)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1)and T_(GIRmax)were(88.3?17.0 vs 151.9?34.6)min.The relative bioavailability was(10.26?2.25)%,and the relative bioefficacy was(14.33?7.26)%.Conclusion The study shows that insulin dry powder inhalation is absorbed via lungs and its action sets in earlier than that of the regular insulin injected subcutaneously.These pharmacokinetie and pharmacodynamic data may provide a reliabe guide for further clinical trial.

Objective To establish the technique of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and to study the reference value of insulin sensitivity index in healthy Chinese. Methods According to the feedback mathematical model developed by DeFronzo, the technique of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was used in 90 healthy Chi- nese [ male:female =71 = 19; age; (28. 3±6. 1) years; body mass index (20. 9±1.5) kg/m2 ] to study die glu-cose metabolized rate. Blood samples were obtained at timed intervals in the fasting state and during the clamp for the measurement of glucose, insulin and C peptide. Results During the clamp tests, the blood glucose levels were con-trolled within 10% of target value. The coefficient of variation of glucose levels was 3. 8% 0.1%. In the steady state, the insulin sensitivity index (glucose metabolized rate, M value ) was (7.78±2.30) mg· kg-1 min-1, which was distributed normally. The lowest quartile of M value was 6. 286 mg·kg -1 min-1'. The coefficient of variation of M value was 9.4%±2.8%. Conclusion The technique of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and the reference value of insulin sensitivity index in healthy Chinese are successfully established in our center.

Objective To study the effect of administration of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on the regulation of body weight and fat accumulation in rats, and evaluate the therapeutic effect of CPZ on neuropathic obesity. Methods Forty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8), namely, control group (without giving any treatment),group A (performed intra-NAc injection of 1 nmol/mL CPZ),group B (performed intra-NAc injection of 10 nmol/mL CPZ),group C (performed injection of 10 nmol/mL CPZ via the areas adjacent to NAc) and group D (performed injection of 10 nmol/mL CPZ via the dorsal striatum); rats of the later 4 groups were given 1 μL CPZ daily for a consecutive 3 d.The body weight of rats from different treatment groups 1 and 3 weeks after the injection was measured and compared them to that of the control group.Then,the animals were sacrificed,the body fat content of each group was evaluated. Results The body weight in rats of group A 1 week after the injection increased (126.31± 10.25)％ as compared with their original weight, and that in rats of control group increased (148.78±6.98)％ as compared with their original weight, which showed significant difference between the 2 increment (P＜0.05); the body weight in rats of group B 1 week after the injection increased (115.87± 13.90)％ as compared with their original weight, which showed significant decrease as compared with that in the control group (P＜0.05); The body weight in rats of group B 3 week after the injection increased (132.82±15.8)％ as compared with their original weight, and that in rats of control group increased (164.86±6.34)％ as compared with their original weight,which showed significant difference between the 2 increment (P＜0.05).Furthermore,the body fat content in group B was significantly lower than that of other groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion Blockade of NAc TRPV1 receptor by CPZ has significant inhibitory central adjusting effect on body weight and fat content in rats; and TRPV1 antagonist may potentially serve as a specific drug for neuropathic obesity.

emic euglycemic clamp quantitively.

AIM: To investigate the effect of volatile anesthetics on function,metabolism,ATPase activity and free radicals in isolated ischemia /reperfusion(I/R) rat hearts.METHODS: 136 SD rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and randomly divided into six groups and 17 sub-groups(n=8),according to the given drug.In a normal thermal isolated Langendorff rat heart model,four volatile anesthetics in 1.5 MAC concentration were given before global ischemia 25 min and during reperfusion 30 min.Coronary flow(CF),LVEDP,left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),?dp/dt were monitored at 15 min of equilibrium,15 min of drug treatment,the end of reperfusion.Myocardial adenosine triphosphate(ATP),malodialdehyde(MDA),activity of Ca2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase,and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were determined at 15 min of equilibrium,15 min of drug treatment or absence,10 min global ischemia and the end of reperfusion.RESULTS: CF and LVEDP were iocreased significantly after exposured to volatile anesthetics 15 min,and LVDP,+dp/dtmax were significantly decreased.However,LVDP and +dp/dtmax were increased at the end of reperfusion in the treated groups.HR in halothane and isoflurane groups was decreased before ischemia and after reperfusion.The myocardial ATP content was significantly increased before and after ischemia in the treated groups.At the end of reperfusion,the activity of SOD was significantly higher and myocardial MDA content was significantly lower in the treated groups than those in control group.The activity of Ca2+-ATPase,compared with the control group,was markedly decreased before ischemia in halothane,enflurane and isoflurane group.Nonetheless,the activity of Ca2+-ATPase was clearly increased in the treated groups during ischemia and at the end of reperfusion.The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase was only enhanced in halothane group at the end of reperfusion among groups.CONCLUSION: The volatile anesthetics depress myocardial systolic function.There are markedly protective effects against myocardial I/R injury.Meanwhile,the volatile anesthetics improve the recovery of function and metabolism,and increase CF and the activity of Ca2+-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in rats.

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Objective:To determine the expression profile and potential roles of CD24 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and explore the values of CD24 function as a potential target of clinical therapy.Me-thods:Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to construct the expression profile of CD24 in 78 human oral tissues and 59 Hamster buccal pouch tissues.Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the CD24 expression levels in oral DOK4 cells,oral cancer CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells. Then these two cancer cell lines were selected to evaluate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)and CD24 antibody on CD24 expression,and the proliferation and tumorsphere formation capacity of these two cell lines.Results:CD24 expression was found significantly elevated in both human and animal tissues compared with normal and benign tissues (P<0.05),as well as in oral cancer CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells compared with DOK cells (P<0.05).CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells possess increased proliferative and specific tumorsphere formation capability compared with DOK cells (P<0.05 ).Both ATRA and CD24 antibody were able to effectively inhibit the proliferation and tumorsphere formation of CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells (P<0.05).Among them ATRA at least involved partially in the proliferation by down-regulating the CD24 expression (P<0.05 ),while CD24 antibody blocking had no effect on the CD24 expression.Conclusion:CD24 was upregulated in oral cancer and functioned as a potential factor that promoted the proliferation and tumorsphere formation of CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells.Both ATRA and CD24 antibody might effectively inhibit the proliferation and tumorsphere formation of CAL-27 and WSU-HN6 cells and function as a potential therapy target.