Photogrammetric analysis and study of the beauty sense for lip are important for the planning of aesthetic and reconstructive lip surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine average value of the lip dimensions and to classify shape of the lip in Korean adult female. We took measurements from life sized photographs of the one hundred Korean adult female aged from twenty to forty nine years. We have classified shape of the lip as seven types by measured heights of upper and lower vermilion. Measured data were analysed to obtain mean, standard deviation and proportional indices. The following results were obtained.1. The mean and standard deviation of photogrammetric measurements of lip were presented below; philtral length was 15.2+/-2.0 mm, height of maximal point of Cupid's bow was 9.7+/-1.5 mm, upper vermilion height was 8.2+/-1.4 mm, lower vermilion was 10.9+/-1.4 mm, lower facial height was 67.5+/-4.5 mm, mouth width was 46.9+/-3.6 mm, bialar was 37.8 +/-2.6 mm, nasolabial angle was 87.0+/-9.0.2. The standard proportional indices of lip dimension were presented below; mouth width-lower facial height index was 69.6+/-6.3%, bialar width-lower facial height index was 56.2+/-4.5%, nose-mouth width index was 81.0+/-5.5%, upper and lower vermilion height-lower facial height index 28.3+/-3.5%, upper and lower vermilion height-mouth width index was 40.9+/-5.3%, philtral length-mouth width index 32.6+/-5.2%, upper vermilion-lower vermilion height index was 76.4+/-13.8%. 3. The classification of shape of the lip is presented below; standard type is most frequent type(55%) and the upper and lower vermilion height is measured within mean +/- 1 SD, second most common type is upper thick type(10%), upper thin type is 9%, lower thick type is 8%, both thick type is 7%, lower thin type is 6%, both thin type is 5%.
Adult* ; Beauty ; Classification* ; Female* ; Humans ; Lip* ; Mouth

Burns is children result in the loss of precious life, or if the child survives, in much suffering from physical, emotional, social, and economic problems. These burn accidents to children happen in the bustle of family life and frequently without any warning. With this background information, this study was designed to identity types of burns in children and mother's attitudes towards, and knowledge of burn prevention, in order, to not only, in still a safety consciousness regarding the seriousness of burn accidents and the strengthening prevention, but also as basic data towards the development of an educational program aimed at prevention. From May 1 to May 25 in 1997, data were collected from the mothers of children attending five day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, which had been selected for the study. The tools used for the study, which were developed by the researchers, surveyed the type of burns suffered by children, mother's knowledge of burns and attitudes toward burn accidents. The data were analyzed through real numbers percentages and analysis was done using SPSS computer programs. The results of the study show that the most frequent type of burn accidents were those caused by hot water(55.4%) and these were frequently related to everyday habits that easily lead to danger. Further, the first aid treatment following a burn was weak. The majority of the mothers had not instructed their children on who to contact in the cape of a fire, first aid for burns, or how to take escape in the case of a fire. This left the children in a defenseless position in case of a fire. The mothers showed a lack knowledge, on what to do when a blaze is discovered, how to put out a fire, first aid for burns, escaping from a fire and appropriate water temperature, in that 50% of the time they answered incorrectly. From this study a prevention program, HIPP(Home Injury Prevention Program) could be developed that includes fire prevention habits and first aid for burns. This program can be used with kindergarten and elementary school children for group education fire prevention and can be used as a foundation for construction of a system of facilities and equipment to prevent fires and also prevent injury from fires.
Burns* ; Child* ; Consciousness ; Day Care, Medical ; Education ; Fires ; First Aid ; Humans ; Mothers ; Seoul ; United Nations ; Water ; Child Health

The brachial plexus block by interscalene approach is useful for any procedure on upper extremity, including the shoulder. Complications such as high epidural block, total spinal anesthesia, permanent neurologic damage, phrenic nerve block, cardiac arrest, pneumothorax and Horner's syndrome etc. were reported. Ipsilateral Horner' syndrome can be used for confirmation of the accompanying sympathetic block. We experienced a case of 35-year old male patient who developed ipsilateral Horner's syndrome following the injection of 40ml of 1% lidocaine with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine to brachial plexus by interscalene approach. This compication lasted for 10days after interscalene brachial plexus block.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Brachial Plexus* ; Epinephrine ; Heart Arrest ; Horner Syndrome* ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Male ; Phrenic Nerve ; Pneumothorax ; Shoulder ; Upper Extremity

Endometrial ossifications in seven patients who presented with secondary or primary infertility were described. Herein, we described step-by-step bone forming process in the endometrium and we compared the clinicopathological features of metaplastic ossification and fetal remnants. In five of seven patients, metaplasia was unquestionable etiology of ossification, which was ocquired in the healing process of postabortion endometritis. Ossifications were recurred during the follow-up periods after total hysteroscopic removal in 2 cases. Three cases were followed by normal pregnancy, after total hysteroscopic removal of bony spicules in 2 cases and with retaining of bony spicules in 1 case. In one other case, bony spicules of fetal remnants were verified by multiple fetal hair shafts and endochondral bone formation. Therefore, the cause of endometrial ossification can only be determined by histological findings and careful past obstetric history.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans

1. 39 cases of fractures of the distal femur treated at the Gwang Ju Triservice Armed Hospital during period from January, 1968 to May, 1973 were subjected to analysis. 2. Most common cause of fracture was traffic accident and supracondylar fractures were most common. 3. Of 39 cases, 22 cases were treated by closed method with or without skeletal traction and 17 cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. 4. Closed methods resulted in better funtional recovery after union of fracture. 5. The healing period was 14 weeks in average.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adult ; Arm ; Clinical Study ; Femur ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Methods ; Traction

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a death education program for nursing students and evaluate the effects of the program. METHODS: The education program was developed based on ADDIE model. The death education program was developed on the base of educational needs, a comprehensive review of the literature and focus group interviews and then evaluated with 53 nursing students, 27 in the experimental and 26 in the control group. Measurement was done for the meaning of life using the tool by Choi et al (2005) for attitudes concerning death, the tool Thorson and Powell (1998) revised by Kim (2006) and for attitude to end-of-life patient care, the Attitudes toward Nursing Care of the Dying Scale by Frommelt (1991) translated by Cho and Kim (2005). RESULTS: The program consisted of five sessions: Understanding of death, Family bereavement care, Communication and End-of-life patient care, Professional role, and Ethics and legal issues There was a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest for the meaning of life in the experimental group compared to the control group. About 82% of students in the experimental group were satisfied with the program. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that this program can be used to educate nursing students.
Education* ; Ethics ; Focus Groups ; Hospice Care ; Humans ; Nursing Care ; Nursing* ; Patient Care ; Professional Role ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Female ; Gestational Age* ; Humans ; Membranes* ; Pregnant Women* ; Rupture*

This study was undertaken to observe the mutagenic occurrence in urine excreted after the ingestion of roast beef. Two healthy nonsmoker persons of both sex were selected for this test, employing two strains (TA98, TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium according to Ames' method. The mutagenic activity began to appear in urine of both sex three hours after ingestion of 300 g of roast beef, gradually increasing until 6 hours and declining thereafter.
Eating* ; Humans* ; Methods ; Red Meat* ; Salmonella typhimurium

Generalized granuloma annulare is a rare skin disease presenting generalized eruption with a distinctive histologic picture. The age of onset of generalized granuloma annulare differs from that of localized granuloma annulare. Most of the patients with generalized granuloma annulare were in the fifth to seventh decades and cases of generalized granuloma annulare in infancy or in early childhood have been rarely reported. We herein report two cases of generalized granuloma annulare in 45- and 18-month-old boys, who is the youngest patient yet reported in the Korean literature. The histopathologic findings were compatible with granuloma annulare and all lesions completely involuted in two months after administration of topical or systemic corticosteroids.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Age of Onset ; Granuloma Annulare* ; Granuloma* ; Humans ; Infant ; Skin Diseases

We examined the expressions of CD44 splice variants (v4/5, v6), alpha-smooth muscle actin, nm23 to evaluate their roles as prognostic factors in 70 cases of uterine cervical carcinoma (stage IB to IIB) who were surgically treated from January 1989 to June 1990 with a clinical follow-up of a minimum of 5 years. The expression was examined by an immunohistochemical method using archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue. In the 70 cases, 61 cases were squamous cell carcinoma and 9 cases were adenocarcinoma. CD44v4/5, CD44v6, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and nm23 were detected in 41.4%, 70%, 100%, and 74.3% of tumor samples, respectively. CD44 splice variants and nm23 showed membrane and cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells, respectively. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin showed cytoplasmic staining confined to stromal cells and was classified into three grades by the extent in stromal cells: with less than 10% of stromal cells; 32.9%, 10-50% of stromal cells; 40.0%, more than 50%; 27.1%. These expressions were not correlated with histologic types, lymph node involvement, recurrence, and grades of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL). But CD44v4/5 had significantly inverse correlation with TIL (p=0.049). The expression of CD44v4/5 was significantly correlated with that of CD44v6 (p=0.05), and that of alpha-smooth muscle actin was inversely correlated with that of nm23 (p=0.049). In conclusion, in FIGO IB-IIB uterine cervical carcinoma CD44 variants, nm23, and SMA show high prevalence, however, with little prognostic significance assessed by recurrence and lymph node metastasis.
Actins* ; Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cytoplasm ; Follow-Up Studies ; Formaldehyde ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphocytes ; Membranes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paraffin ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Stromal Cells ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*