No abstract available.

We have studied male patients with cosmetic allergy in patch test during 5 years from September, 1982 to August, 1986 (Group A) and during 7 1/2 years from March, 1988 to August, 1995 (Group B). The results are as follows. 1. In Group A, 7 patients were diagnosed as contact allergy due to cosmetics. In Group 13, 30 patients were diagnosed as contact allergy to cosmetics. 2. Sixteen patients were positive to only cosmetic related allergens. Two patients were positive to only their own cosmetic products. Nineteen patients were positive to both cosmetic related allergens and their own cosmetic products. 3. The age of patients with cosmetic allergy ranged from 10 to 70 years with a peak in the fifties. The patients more than 50 years were about 40% of all patients. 4. The most frequently, affected area was face(n=31) followed by neck(n=6) and scalp (n = 6 ). 5. Twenty four patients with cosmetic allergy had eczematous skin lesions. Thirteen patients had pigmented skin lesions and pigmented contact dermatitis was suspected. Two out of 13 patients with pig men ted skin lesions were positive in photopatch test. 6. Cosmetic related allergens showing frequent positive reactions were paraphenylene-aliamine, fragnance mix, balsam of Peru, benzyl salicylate, amerchol L101, oakmoss absolute, musk muskene. 7. Cosmetic products showing frequent positive reactions were skin care products, hair dye, soap, after shave lotion, shampoo and toothpaste. In conclusion, cosmetic allergy in men seems to increase in our society.
Allergens ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Hair ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Male* ; Patch Tests ; Peru ; Scalp ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Soaps ; Toothpastes

Sixty amputees who had traumatic amputations due to industrial accidents were examined on their phantom limb and phantom pain phenomena and the following results were obtained. 1. Fifty-three (93%) of sixty amputees experienced phantom limb and twenty-four (40%) experienced phantom pain. The incidence of phantom pain in the lower limb amputation (59%) is greater than that of upper limb amputation (29%). 2. Amputees with asthenic body status gave higher incidence (56%) of phantom pain than those with muscular body status (20%). None of amputees with obese body status experienced phantom pain. 3. The sensation of strong current and cramping were most predominant sensations in the phantom pain. 4. Twenty-eight (93%) of thirty amputees had experienced painless phantom limb longer than four months. 5. Six (55%) of eleven upper limb amputees with phantom pain experienced pain sensation at the tips of fingers and nine (69%) of thirteen lower limb amputees with phantom pain experienced pain at the great toe. 6. Fifty-three (88%) of sixty amputees experienced telescoping of the lost limb and twenty-three (38%) of sixty amputees experienced jerking movement of the stump. 7. In fifty-four (90%) of sixty amputees, trigger zones triggering pain in the phantom limb were found in the healthy part of the body. 8. Twenty-two (40%) of fifty-five male amputees experienced burning sensation in the phantom limb associated with urination, defecation or ejaculation. 9. Cold temperature was predominant, aggrevating factor of the phantom pain. Fitting prosthesis and alcohol intake were predominant, relieving factor of the phantom pain.
Accidents, Occupational ; Amputation ; Amputation, Traumatic ; Amputees ; Burns ; Cold Temperature ; Defecation ; Ejaculation ; Extremities ; Fingers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Muscle Cramp ; Phantom Limb ; Prostheses and Implants ; Sensation ; Toes ; Upper Extremity ; Urination

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the meaning and substantial nature of NICU practice among nursing students by applying a research method based on hermeneutic phenomenology in an attempt to lay a foundation for enhancing theoretical and practical child nursing education. METHODS: The participants were eight nursing student who had experience in clinical practicing in NICU. In-depth interviews were performed from April to December, 2014 until data were fully saturated. Collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: Seven theme clusters were extracted from fourteen themes. The seven theme clusters of the nursing students' clinical practice experience in NICU were: 1) Excitement about the clinical practice setting 2) Afraid of practice environment 3) Babies have priority over clinical practice 4) Comparing with adult nursing clinical practice 5) Feeling pity for babies and their parents 6) New awareness about the role of nurses 7) Demands of enhancing clinical practice. CONCLUSION: The results of the study provide useful information in understanding nursing students' practice experience in NICU and establishing effective strategies to support these nursing students.
Adult ; Child ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal* ; Intensive Care, Neonatal* ; Nursing* ; Parents ; Qualitative Research ; Students, Nursing

No abstract available.
Blood Pressure* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn*

To determine whether personal history of lactation in premenopausal women influence bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred eighty-four premenopausal women were selected from women who had been checked for bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site at general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan. They completed a questionnaire including life style factors and reproductive history. In the data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test any association between individual variables and bone mineral density and a statistical comparisons between long term lactation(>24 months) and short term lactation(<24 months) were made by one way analysis of covariance. The results were summarized as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group(>24months) and the short term lactation group(<24months). 2) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the femur neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group (>24months) and the short term lactation group (<24months). Considering these results, we suggest prospective studies that measure bone mineral density before and after, in addition to those during lactation. We also suggest the further study with premenopausal women less than 35 who have achieved peak adult bone mass.
Adult ; Bone Density* ; Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Busan ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Lactation ; Life Style ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproductive History ; Seoul ; Spine ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six week self-help empowerment strategy program on the empowerment status, pain intensity, physical function, joint flexibility and depression status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. METHOD: The subjects of the study consisted of a convenience sample thirteen rheumatoid arthritis patients. Data was collected from July to November, 2001. All patient received a self-help empowerment strategy program, once a week for six weeks. RESULT: After receiving the self-help empowerment strategy program, the empowerment status increased significantly, the pain intensity and the depression score decreased significantly and the level of physical function significantly improved but the flexibilities of shoulders, knees and ankles were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: Further studies need to be done to determine the feasibility of implementing empowerment strategy and its possibility as an effective intervention program for decreasing pain intensity and depression score and improving the physical function.
Ankle ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Depression ; Humans ; Knee ; Power (Psychology)* ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Self-Help Groups ; Shoulder

Breast cancer is the school most common cancer in Korea women. The incidence of breast cancer is around 25 per 100,000 women, and more than 5,500 women are diagnosed as breast cancer annually. Epidemics show that the incidence and mortality of breast cancer are increasing due to rapid changes of women's life style and westernized food and so on. The risk factors for breast cancer include hormone-related factors (early menarche, late menopause, no or late birth, hormone replacement therapy) and genetic background. It is hard to change risk factors for breast cancer but early detection strategies are best for decreasing the mortality rate from breast cancer. Breast self examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography can be used for screening of breast cancer. Breast self examination is not sensitive enough to detect a small cancer but monthly exam makes women be awakening about breast cancer and feel changes of her breast. Meta-analysis shows annual mammography reduces breast cancer mortality around 35% in the ages over 50. Some randomized clinical trials also showed mortality reduction by mammography in the ages of 40s. Surprisingly, breast cancer is rapidly increasing in late thirties with a peak incidence in forties among Korean women. Whether the early peak makes mammography less accurate is controversial. However, data from qualified screening centers showed mammography has same sensitivity with that in westerns. Korean Breast Cancer Society and National Cancer Center organized the 1st Consensus meeting for the national guidelines for breast cancer screening on July 24, 2001. We recommend that women should have monthly self examination beginning at age 30, should receive biannual clinical breast exam from healthcare providers from age 35, and should receive clinical breast exam and mammography at 1~2-year intervals after age 40.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast Self-Examination ; Breast* ; Consensus ; Female ; Genetic Background ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Style ; Mammography ; Mass Screening* ; Menarche ; Menopause ; Mortality ; Parturition ; Risk Factors ; Self-Examination

BACKGROUND: Family physicians should actively carry out adult immunization. DM is a common risk factor of influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia related complications, so DM patients should receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations. The authors investigated recognition and performance of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among DM patients. METHODS: We surveyed knowledge and performance of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among the 203 diabetic patients living in Seoul and responding to telephone interview, who visited one DM center in general hospital from March 3, to March 7, 1997. RESULTS: Among 203 DM patients, the risk factors for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia other than DM were old age of 65 or over(35.0%), cardiovascular diseases(5.9%) and chronic pulmonary diseases(4.9%). The recognition rate and performance rate of influenza vaccination were 27.6% and 21.2% respectively, there was a statistically significant relationship between these rates(P<0.01). Those vaccinated 43 patients for influenza knew the need of vaccination through family members and relatives(58.1%) and through medical doctors(32.6%). Although 85.2% of 203 DM patients answered that they received education about need of vaccination through DM education program conducted at hospitals, but only 9 patients(4.4%) recognized well. The reasons for not performing influenza vaccination were lack of knowledge(63.1%), no experience of influenza(12.5%), 'forget for the moment(5.0%) and regard injection as a nuisance(2.5%) in descending order. The recognition rate and performance rate of of pneurnococcal vaccination were all zero percents. The reasons for not performing pneumococcal vaccination were lack of knowledge(91.1%) no experience of pneumococcal pneumonia(6.4%), regard injection as a nuisance(1.5%) and forget for the moment(1.0%) in descending order. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition and performance rates of influenza vaccination were low and those of pneumococcal vaccination were all zero percents among DM patients because they did not recognize well the need of these vaccinations. Therefore, the doctors who see DM patients should actively recommend influenza and pneumococcal vaccination and DM educational programs must include education for these vaccinations.
Adult ; Education ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Immunization ; Influenza, Human* ; Interviews as Topic ; Physicians, Family ; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Vaccination*

It is well estabilshed that the xerosis is closely related to diabeic pruritus. Although the causes of xerosis are thought to bie the abnormalities of sweating and autonomic nervous system, the exact mechanism of the xerosis in diabetic skin is still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the possible derangement of glucose metabolism in the skin of diabetes mellitus patients with xerosis. The epidemal glucose content and hexokonase activities were masured in the skin samples obtained from normal individuals and diabetes mellitus patients with xerosis The epidermal glucose content was measured by the enzymatic cycling method. The enzymatic activities of hexokinase were assayed by fluorometric method. The epidermal glucose content of diabetic patients increaed approximately twice [27.46+9.52 (mmole/kg /dry weight) that of normal individuals [13.90+4.79(mmole/kg /dry weight)] (p<0. 0001). The epidermal hexokinase activities of diabetes patients were significantly decreased [0.56+0.15(mole/hr/kg/dry weight)] compared to that of normal indivduals [0.96+0.24(mole/hr/kg dry weight)] (p<0.0001). There were no significant differences in the epidermal glucose content and enzyme activities of hexokinase between the diabetic patients with: erosis and diabetic patients without xerosis. These data indicated that decreased activities of hexokinase could reduce the glucose phopkiorylation and uptake into keratinocytes, and which could lead to accumulat. glucose in the interstitial space of diabetic epidermis. And the decreased hexokinase activities may exert on lipid metabolism and glycolysis of diabetic epiidermis, because hexokinase is a key enzyme of hexose monophosphate pathway and glycolysis.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Epidermis ; Glucose ; Glycolysis ; Hexokinase* ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolism ; Pruritus ; Skin ; Sweat ; Sweating