In order to investigate the types of enteral nutrition formulas currently used in hospitals and evaluate and categorize the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas formulas available in the domestic market, we asked dietitians working in 6 hospitals in Seoul to complete the questionnaire and obtained compositional characteristics of 12 commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas. The average proportion of patients receiving the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas(60.6%) was greater than that of patients receiving the in-hospital preparations(31.9%). In the group of patients receiving the in-hospital prepared formulas, the enteral feeding was mainly administered orally, whereas, in the group of patients receiving the commercially prepared formulas, tube feeding was the primary route of formula administration. In both groups, however, a greater proportion of patients received the formulas as total replacements of their meals and for the purpose of dietary supplementation. On the basis of major criteria for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas, the 6 products out of the 9 nutritionally complete products formulated for the purpose of dietary supplementation were grouped into the same category(standard protein, caloric density of 1kcal/ml, and tube/oral), so they were considered therapeutically comparable. However, the remaining 3 products were different in protein content(high protein) or route of administration(tube only). Of the 3 nutritonally complete products formulated specifically for the purpose of dietary therapy, 2 products were formulated for patients with renal disease, and the one product was formulated for diabetic patients. Therefore, the data in this study showed that the commercially prepared enteral nutriton formulas became an important part of the enteral nutrition for hospitalized patients in Korea, but the domestic market has not yet generated a wide variety of the formulas, not providing many choices for clinicians to manage the diets for their patients. The results of this study would be helpful for clinicians in choosing appropriate products for their patients, for manufactures in developing new products, and for regulatory authorities to establish the regulation for the broad group fo heterogeneous products that are marketed and will be developed as medical foods. In addition, the process of maintaining the categories for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas should be dynamic because new products may not reasonably fit any of the existing categories.
Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Nutritionists ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Mutation in the p53 suppressor gene is the most common genetic alteration found in human cancers including primary brain tumors. Ki-67 labeling index(LI) is known to be a marker of proliferating activity. The purpose of this study was to verify whether an immunohistochemical expression of p53 antibody and Ki-67 LI could be related to different clinicopathologic parameters including histologic grade, size, invasiveness and recurrence of the brain tumors. Materials were based on the 147 surgically resected brain tumors during the last two years. Of the 147 brain tumors, there were 35 astrocytic tumors, 35 meningiomas, 10 oligodendrogliomas, 7 craniopharyngiomas, 5 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, 4 medulloblastomas, 5 ependymomas, 23 pituitary adenomas, 9 schwannomas, and 14 other brain tumors. The p53 expression and Ki-67 LI were higher in malignant brain tumors including astrocytic tumors, medulloblastoma, PNET and gliosarcoma. The p53 positivity was correlated with histologic grades and tumor recurrence. The brain tumors with a high Ki-67 LI(>6%) also showed a close relationship to a higher histologic grading, radiological invasiveness and recurrence. There was no evident correlation with the age and tumor size with p53 expression and Ki-67 LI. These results suggest that p53 overexpression and high proliferation potential of the tumor cells are associated with the higher histologic grade and aggressive clinical course in the central nervous system tumors.
Brain Neoplasms* ; Brain* ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms ; Craniopharyngioma ; Ependymoma ; Genes, Suppressor ; Gliosarcoma ; Humans ; Medulloblastoma ; Meningioma ; Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial ; Neurilemmoma ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive ; Oligodendroglioma ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Recurrence

We have studied the overcorrection, undercorrection, astigmatic change and its incidence on time sequence after the excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, and its relation with the degree of preoperative myopia, sex, and age. The study has been done with 429 eyes which we could assess for 6 months or more after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy of myopia from July 1993 to march 1997. Overcorrection of more than -1D was common during the early postoperative periods and then gradually decreased with time. Overcorrection has been seen in 261 eyes(60.84%) after 1 month, but only 33 eyes(13.47%) after 1 year, and 13 eyes(11.02%) after 2 years. Undercorrection has been seen in 2 eyes(0.47%) after 1 month, but 25 eyes(10.20%) after 1 year, and 20 eyes(16.95%) after 2 years. Surgically induced astigmatism increased to 0.54+/-0.84D after 10 days and then decreased 0.19+/-0.75D after 12 months. Also, surgical induced astigmatism developed 1.13+/-1.10D in 247 eyes (57.58%) after 1 month, but decreased 0.89+/-0.45D in 107 eyes(43.67%) after 12 months. The occurrence of overcorrection and undercorrection was related to the severity of preoperative myopia(p<0.05), but with sex and age, it had no statistical correlation(p>0.05). The amount of postoperative astigmatism was related to preoperative astigmatism(p<0.05), but it had no statistical correlation with the degree of preoperative myopia, age, sex, and development and increase of surgically induced astigmatism(p>0.05).
Astigmatism ; Incidence ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Myopia* ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Postoperative Period

OBJECTIVE: In order to confirm the local production of total and specific IgE antibodies in the nasal polyp tissues. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We measured total IgE and house dust mite(Dermatophagoides pteronpssinus .' DP)-specific IgE antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in the supernatant of nasal polyp homogenates from 72 subjects undergoing nasal polypectomy. The subjects were divided into three groups according to skin reactivity to DP: 20 strongly atopic subjects to group I(mean wheal diameter) 3mm), 19 weakly atopic subjects to group II (mean wheal diameter 1-3mm) and 33 negative skin responders to group III. RESULT: Group I showed significantly higher levels of total and DP-specific IgE levels in the nasa
Antibodies ; Dust* ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Nasal Polyps* ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Skin ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to analyze the MR findings of medulloblastoma, and to evaluate the subarachnoid dissemination and the significance of contrast enhanced MR of brain and spine for tumor.. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The preoperative brain MR studies of 18 patients (9 males, 9 females;mean age, 9.4 years) with surgically proved medulloblastomas were retrospectively reviewed to characterize these neoplasms with regard to their location, size, MR signal intensity, appearance after contrast enhancement, presence of cyst and necrosis, subarachnoid dissemination, and other associated findings. In 14 patients postoperative spine MR studies were evaluated for staging and therapeutic planning. RESULTS: The most frequent location of medulloblastoma was the inferior vermis and the mean tumor size was 4.1 x 3.6 x 3.9 cm. On Tl-weighted image, medulloblastomas generally had low to intermediate signal, predominantly hypointense relative to white matter. On T2-weighted image, medulloblastomas showed modetately high signal, hyperintense relative to white matter. Inhomogeneous contrast enhancement was demonstrated in 13 patients(72.2%) after injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine(Gadolinium). Cyst and necrosis within the tumor were visualized in 15 patients(83.3%). Subarachnoid disseminations of medulloblastomas were noted in 11 patients(61.1%), of which 6 demonstrated intracranial and 2 intraspinal dissemination. Three had both intracranial and intraspinal dissemination. In nine cases with intracranial lesions, there were intraparenchymal mass formation(7), subarachnoid nodules(5), infundibular lesions(2) and diffuse gyral enhancement(I). In five cases with intraspinal lesions, there were extramedullary intradural small nodules(3), central canal nodules(2), intradural masses(I)and fine nodular and sheet-like leptomeningeal enhancement(1). Other associated findings included intratumoral hemorrhage(11.1%), per/tumoral edema(44.4%), tonsillar herniation(44.4%), hydrocephalus(88.9%) and calcification(44.4%). CONCLUSION: Medulloblastomas revealed low to intermediate signal intensity on Tl-weighted image and intermediate to moderately high signal intensity on T2-weighted image, relative to cerebellar white matter. Medulloblastomas were solid tumors with cystic necrosis, which showed inhomogeneous enhancement and subarachnoid disseminations to the intracranial and intraspinal spaces after Gd-DTPA enhancement. Gd-enhanced MR of brain and spine was an useful diagnostic modality in preoperative diagnosis and in staging of postoperative cases of medulloblastomas, which was superior to postcontrast CT or precontrast MR.
Brain* ; Diagnosis ; Gadolinium DTPA ; Humans ; Male ; Medulloblastoma ; Necrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine*

BACKGROUND: IgE antibodies have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atapic asthma. However, there have been only few studies on the role of IgE in airway secretion in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. This might be partly due to difficulty in sampling of airway seceretion from asthmatic patients. Recently, sputum induction method by inhalation of nebulized hypertonic saline was developed, and proved to be valid and useful method for obtaining airway secretion from asthmatic patients for studying airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: To evaluate the usefulness of sputum induction method for studying IgE antibodies in airway secretion from atopic asthmatic patients, total IgE levels in induced sputum from 54 atopic asthmatics were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and tried to find an association with sputum eosinophilia. RESULT: Total IgE levels in induced sputum were significantly higher in atopic asthmatic patients(1.27+82.066 IU/ml) than in controls(0.203+0.291 IUgmP)(p<0.05). In atopic asthmatic patients, total IgE levels in induced sputum were not significantly different between patients with and without sputum eosinophilia(>5% of 200 counted leukocytes). There was a significant correlation of total IgE levels between induced sputum and serum in atopic asthmatic patients(r=0.60, p<0.05). Total IgE levels in induced sputum(1.278+ 2.066) were significantly higher than saliva sample(0.504 + 1.111 IU/ml) from atopic asthmatic patients(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that total IgE levels are increased in the induced sputum of atopic asthmat,ic patients and sputum induction method is a useful tool for studying IgE antibodies in airway secretion from asthmatic patients.
Antibodies ; Asthma ; Eosinophilia ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Inflammation ; Inhalation ; Saliva ; Sputum*

Intraarticular distal femoral unicondylar fractures are uncommon. Anatomical reduction is the point of the good result of the treatment. Non displaced or minimally displaced fractures can be treated nonoperatively, but must be followed closely for loss of reduction. Displaced unicondylar fractures require surgical fixation to prevent the complications of axial malalignment, post-traumatic arthritis, knee stiffness and instability frequently reported after nonoperative treatment. We present a case report discribing an alternative treatment method, namely, arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF), of displaced intraarticular distal femoral unicondylar fractures. There are several potential benefits of less pain, fewer complications (bleeding, arthrofibrosis), quick recovery, better cosmesis and shorter hospital days.
Arthritis ; Femur ; Knee

BACKGROUND: There have been a few reports suggesting involvement of neutrophil as well as eosinophil in inducing bronchoconstriction aft,er inhalation of TDI. OBJECTIVE: In order to observe the source of chemokines in TDI-induced asthma, this investigation was designed to determine whether IL-8 and RANTES could be produced by human bronchial epithelial cells and whether dexamethasone had any effects on their production. Materials and METHODS: We cultured Beas-2B, a bronchial epithelial cell line, with five concentrations of TDI-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate and compared them with those having no conjugate. The levels of IL-8 and RANTES in the supernatant were measured by ELISA. To evaluate the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines, cells were incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatant, which was derived from PBMC culture of a TDI -induced asthmatic subject under exposure to TDI-HSA conjugate, and then compared to those without PBMC supernatant addition. To evaluate the effect of dexamethasone, four concentrations of dexamethasone were pre-incubated and the same steps were repeated. RESULTS: There was significant production of IL-8 from bronchial epithelial cells with addition of TDI-HSA conjugate in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05, respectively), which was significantly augmented with additions of PBMC supernatant (p<0.05, respectively) at each concentration. RANTES production was negligible, however, it increased significantly with addition of PBMC supernatant and TDI-HSA conjugate in a dose response manner(p<0.05, respectively). Compared to the untreated sample, pre-treatment of dexamethasone induced remarkable inhibitions of IL-8 and RANTES production. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that IL-8 and RANTES released from bronchial epithelial cells may contribute to neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment occurring in TDI-induced airway.
Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction ; Chemokine CCL5* ; Chemokines ; Cytokines ; Dexamethasone ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophils ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Interleukin-8 ; Neutrophils ; Serum Albumin ; Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate* ; Toluene*

BACKGROUND: There have been few clinical studies of halo nevi. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was aimed at evaluating the clinical and histopathologic features of halo nevi and correlation between halo nevi and vitiligo. METHODS: The medical records of 40 patients with halo nevi and biopsy specimens of 30 patients with halo nevi were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1.The ratio of male to female patients was 1:1.5. 2.The mean age of the onset was 20.1 years (male : 11.5, female : 25.9). 3.Multiple halo nevi were present in 32.5%(male : 25%, female : 37.5%). 4.The areas in which the lesions developed were head and neck(39.1%), back(32.8%), anterior chest(12.5%), abdomen(10.9%), groin(3.1%), and lower extremity(1.6%) in descending order. 5.The mean duration of each color in central nevus was as follows: black(2.7 years), pink(3.5 years), gray(4.9 years) 6.The most common pathology of the central nevus was intradermal(80%). 7.The halo nevi associated with vitiligo were 21 cases(52.5%) out of 40 patients. Among them, the cases with non-segmental vitiligo were 13(61.9%), the cases with segmental vitiligo were 8(38.1%). 8.Out of the 21 cases with halo nevi associated with vitiligo, the cases with halo nevi prior to vitiligo were 4(19.1%), concurrent onset 12(57.1%) and the cases with halo nevi after vitiligo were 5(23.8%).
Biopsy ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Records ; Nevus ; Nevus, Halo* ; Pathology ; Vitiligo

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the desperate situation where the clinician should make decisions to further manage patients having experienced adverse drug reaction (ADR) to lamotrigine that is indicated to not easily controlled neuropsychiatric diseases. Methods: A descriptive analysis was done by thoroughly reviewing medical records of patients who were reported to have ADR to lamotrigine in a regional drug-safety center between 2010 and 2018. Results: Eighty-four cases of lamotrigine-related ADRs occurred in 80 patients. Skin lesions were most commonly observed in 70 cases (83.3%) and 14 cases (16.7%) had severe ADRs. Sixty-three subjects (78.8%) discontinued lamotrigine, while 17 (21.3%) continued it.At the time of discontinuation, 30.0% were prescribed aromatic antiepileptic drugs. Among 4 subjects who were eventually prescribed lamotrigine again after a period of discontinuation, 3 (75.0%) experienced its recurrence. Among patients who had taken alternative medications, the incidence of ADRs was higher in those being prescribed aromatic antiepileptic drugs than in the others being prescribed other than aromatic antiepileptic drugs (P = 0.013). Regarding the control of underlying diseases, as many as 65 (86.7%) and 68 (90.7%) failed to reach maintaining the resolved state from 6 months and 12 months after the substitution, respectively. Conclusion Patients can be easily trapped between the recurrence of ADRs and the treatment failure to a certain drug like lamotrigine, in which we can hardly find a reasonable alternative to manage them.