We investigated the effect of experimentally induced anisometropia on binocular function. Unilateral myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism(Axis 90degrees) was induced in eighteen adults with normal binocular function using softcontact lenses. Sensory status was assessed by measuring stereoacuity, Worth four dot test, and Bagolini lens test. Binocular function of all subjects decreased with increasing levels of anisometropia. In Worth four dot test, foveal suppression increased in proportion to the levels of anisometropia. Stereoacuity was similarly degraded by the induced anisometropia. Bagolinilens responses were normal in almost all subjects. Our study suggest that experimentally induced anisometropia cause significant abnormalities in binocular function in adults.
Adult ; Anisometropia* ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Myopia ; Telescopes* ; Vision, Binocular*

To investigate the correlation of peripapillary atrophy with optic disc dupping and disc hemorrhage in primary open angle glaucoma(POAG) patients, tomographic measurements were performed with Heidelberg Retina Tomograph(HRT, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). We analyzed cup to disc area ratio(C/D ratio) and peripapillary atrophy to disc area ratio(P/D ratio) from 28 eyes of 14 POAG patients with peripapillary atrophy(Group A), only C/D ratio from 28 eyes of 14 POAG patients without peripapillary atrophy(Group B), and only P/D ratio from 28 eyes of non-glaucomatous subjects with peripapillary atrophy(Group C). Group A was subclassified into thos with disc hemorrhage (Group A-1) and those without dixd hemorrhage(Group A-2), and changes of visual field defects were also analyzed from each subgroup witn Humphrey automated perimetry (Allergan Humphrey, USA, C24-2) at the six-month follow-up. Cup to disc area ratio(0.54+/-0.160)in the Group A was signifcantly higher than that(0.406+/-0.130) in the Group B, and P/D ratio was higher in Group A(0.619+/-0.203) than in the Group C(0.484+/-0.130). P/D ratio was also higher in Group A-1(0.725+/-0.34) than in the Group A-2(0.605+/-0.273). There was no significant difference in mean deviation(M/D) and corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD) between Group A-1 and Group A-2. The results led us to the conclusion that peripapillary atrophy had significant correlation with glaucomatous damage on optic disc and disc hemorrhage in glaucoma patients. Therefore more attention should be paid tod a glaucoma patient especially when he or she presents with peripapillary atrophy.
Atrophy* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Retina ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

We investigated the effects of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)on macular microcirculation in diabetic retinopathy. PRP using argon blue green laser was performed in 23 eyes of 15 patients with early proliferative diabetic etinopathy and very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema. The changes in volume, flow, velocity of macular microcirculation were measured before PRP, 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month following PRP, using Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter(HRF). Mean volume, flow, velocity of macular microcirculation decreased to a maximal degree 1 hour following PRP, from 14.87+/-0.40, 387.45 +/-101.40, 1.40+/-0.28(before PRP)to 12.44+/-1.39, 347. 33+/-100.39, 1.27+/-0.34(p<0.05). From 1hour to 1 month after PRP, macular microcirculation gradually increased. However, throughout this period, all parameters of macular microcirculation remained lower than pre-PRP level(p<0.05). Our study suggests that panretinal photocoagulation reduces the macular microcirculation in diabetic retinopathy.
Argon ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Humans ; Light Coagulation* ; Macular Edema ; Microcirculation* ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde*

Aneurysms arising from the posterior circulation are 5-19% of total intracranial aneurysms. Althought many neurosurgeons have challended with various innovations but the confinned surgical space, complicated anatomical structure and many small perforators to vital organ of brain were remained the barrier that we we have to overcome. From July 1987 to December 1994, we have been operated on 23 cases of posterior circuation aneurysms among 409 cases of surgically treated all intracranial aneurysms. The present 5.6% of all intracranial aneurysms, the average age of these patients was 49 years old. The ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.8. The number of basilar bifurcation artery aneurysms(BBAA) were 14(61%), the posterior cerebral artery(PCA) aneurysms 3(13%), the upper basilar trunk aneurysm 1, posterior inferior cerebellar artery(PICA) aneurysm 3(13%), anterior inferior cerebellar artery(AICA) aneurysm 1 and vertebral artery aneurysm 1. Five patients had accompanined with anterior circulation aneurysm and one patient had concomitant arteriovenous malformation. We have successfully clipped 12 cases and wrapped 2 cases of BBAA aneurysms through modified pterional approach and subtemporal approach according to the hight of basilar bifurcation and the other posterior circulation aneurysms are all clipped through most available approaches including lateral, far-lateral suboccipital and interhemispheric approach. Surgical outcome was good in 15 cases, fair in 4 cases, poor in 3 cases and one patient expired.
Aneurysm* ; Arteries ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; Brain ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vertebral Artery

The authorsinvestigated the effects of UV-B and amniotic membrane graft about PRK induced inflammatory cell infiltration into corneal stroma, lipid peroxidation and keratocyte apoptosis. Total 20 white rabbits were divided into 5 groups; 1)mechanical epithelial removal, 2)epithelial removal and UV-B irradiation, 3)PRK only, 4) PRK and UV-B irradiation, 5)Amniotic membrane graft after PRK and UV-B irradiation. All corneas were harvested after 24hrs. H & E stain for PMNs infiltration, MDA immunohistochemical stain for lipid peroxidation and TUNEL stain for keratocyte apoptosis were performed. UV-B had little effect on infiltration of inflammatory cell into corneal stroma, lipid peroxidation and keratocyte apoptosis. Amniotic membrane suppressed infiltration of PMNs into corneal stroma, lipid peroxidation and keratocyte apoptosis. Environmental UV-B exposure should not be avoided after PRK. Amniotic membrane graft is beneficial to reduce keratocyte apoptosis and related corneal haze.
Amnion* ; Apoptosis* ; Cornea ; Corneal Stroma ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Inflammation* ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Membranes ; Rabbits ; Transplants

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral optic disc edema associated with hypocalcemia. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old woman visited our ophthalmology department with decreased vision and disturbance of the visual field in the right eye, which began 2 days prior to presentation. The patient history indicated she had undergone total thyroidectomy 3 months prior and was given an oral calcium preparation. She had no eye pain, headache, tinnitus or diplopia. Her best corrected visual acuity of both eyes was 1.0, and color vision was normal in both eyes although a mild relative afferent pupillary defect was present in the right eye. Severe bilateral optic disc edema was present in the right eye. A Humphrey visual field test revealed an enlarged blind spot and peripheral nasal step scotoma in the right eye. The Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure was within the normal range and there were no abnormal findings regarding CSF. Additionally, there were no remarkable findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging nor neurologic tests. Her serum calcium was 5.9 mg/dL (normal range: total calcium 8.7-10.6 mg/dL), and an intravenous calcium supplement was started. Visual disturbance and optic disc edema improved 2 days after replacement and the optic disc edema completely dissolved 2 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocalcemia may cause bilateral optic disc edema and can be recovered through adequate calcium supplementation, and it is necessary to prevent and promptly detect this rare complication.
Brain ; Calcium ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Color Vision ; Diplopia ; Edema* ; Eye Pain ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmology ; Optic Disk ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; Papilledema ; Pupil Disorders ; Reference Values ; Scotoma ; Thyroidectomy ; Tinnitus ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

No abstract available.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Fundus Oculi ; Hamartoma/*congenital/diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Retinal Diseases/*congenital/diagnosis ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/*pathology ; Retinal Telangiectasis/*diagnosis ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of basic epidemiological information on bacterial meningitis in children and adults in Korea. Therefore, more research is needed to investigate the causative organisms, clinical manifestations, and prognosis in Korean children and adults. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively 148 medical records with final diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was based on culture-positive cases. RESULTS: Out of a total 148 patients, 71 were children and 77 were adults. In the children with community acquired meningitis, infection-related meningitis was the most common predisposing factor (23.3%). In adults, otitis media was the most common (21.7%). There were more frequent seizures in children than adults (38.1%, 17.1%, p<0.05). In community-acquired meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common type. However, in nosocomial meningitis, gram-negative bacilli was the most common type. The prognostic factors associated with mortality rate in adults were old age (>50 years), seizure (p<0.05), and mental change (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although a causative organism is not documented, we believe that our study will help to properly treat acute bacterial meningitis in children and adults regardless if it is community acquired or nosomial.
Adult ; Causality ; Child ; Cross Infection ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Bacterial* ; Meningitis, Pneumococcal ; Mortality ; Otitis Media ; Prognosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures

PURPOSE: To report a case of a recurrent macular hemorrhage that developed after surgical removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) for subintimal hemorrhage due to retinal macroaneurysm. CASE SUMMARY: A 75-year-old female was admitted to the hospital complaining of decreased vision in the left eye which had started 3 weeks previously. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the right and left eye was 0.7 and 0.03, respectively. The intraocular pressure (IOP) of the right and left eye was 10 mm Hg and 12 mm Hg, respectively. On the fundus examination, macular preretinal and subretinal hemorrhage was observed and a diagnosis of retinal arterial macroaneurym of the inferonasal major artery was made. Vitrectomy was performed. After indocyanine green dye staining, the sub-ILM hemorrhage was treated with removal of the ILM. At postoperative day 3, the annular chorioretinal folds were observed due to the hypotony (4 mm Hg). However, the absence of leakage was confirmed through the sclerotomy site. At postoperative day 8, recurrent submacular hemorrhage occurred and the hemorrhage was observed to have spread after intravitreal C3F8 gas injection and when the patient was placed in the prone position. At postoperative 4 months, the hemorrhage that had invaded the macular area was completely resolved. The BCVA was 0.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: When removing a sub-ILM hemorrhage due to retinal macroaneurysm, recurrent hemorrhage can occur especially in a patient with ocular hypotony, as in the present case report. Physicians should be aware of this possibility and the proper treatment the condition requires.
Aged ; Arteries ; Eye ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Intraocular Pressure ; Membranes ; Ocular Hypotension ; Prone Position ; Retinaldehyde ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical results of combined phacotrabeculectomy (PHACO-TRAB) and trabeculectomy (TRAB) for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: Forty-two eyes of 42 patients with POAG and 60 eyes of 60 patients with PACG were studied retrospectively. Fifty-two patients underwent PHACO-TRAB and 50 patients underwent TRAB. The IOP, number of anti-glaucoma medications, and duration of filtering bleb survival for 3 years after surgery were compared. RESULTS: For 12 months after surgery, the TRAB group maintained significantly lower IOP than the PHACO-TRAB group (p < 0.05, t-test), and there was no significant difference thereafter. The filtering bleb survival rate was significantly higher in the TRAB group during the study period. In patients with POAG, the TRAB group showed higher filtering bleb survival rate for 3 years (p = 0.016, log-rank test). However, in patients with PACG, there was no significant difference in filtering bleb survival between the 2 groups. In patients with POAG, the TRAB group maintained significantly lower IOP for 12 months after surgery, and there was no significant difference afterwards. In patients with PACG, the TRAB group maintained lower IOP only at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. However, the PHACO-TRAB group showed significantly lower IOP at 18 months and 36 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with POAG, TRAB was more effective in lowering IOP and maintaining filtering bleb. However in patients with PACG, there was no difference in filtering bleb survival between the 2 groups. TRAB was more effective in maintaining IOP during the early period after surgery, but PHACO-TRAB was superior to TRAB beyond 1 year after surgery in patients with PACG.
Blister ; Eye ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Trabeculectomy