20 normal full term newborns have been fed with 15% concentration of Maeil Drymilk G for 7 days at the department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital. Feeding results was obtained as follows. 1. General condition was good. They lost approximately 2% of their birth weight during the 1st day and were beginning to regain birth weight on the 4th days of age. (Fig.2) Feeding amounts were increased day by day and were sufficient. (Fig.3) 2. During the first week, they usually passed 2.8~5.5 stools per day. (Fig.4) Yellow stlools were appeared at the 5th days of his age. 95% of stools was the normal consistency and 5% was loose stool. 3. Calories and protein requirements were sufficient, but mean values of water requirement between 2nd and 6th days of age was 1.39ml/cal and it was slightly less than Recommended Dietary Allowance. (Fig.5) 4. Urine concentrations between 78 and 350mOsm/L have been observed. Mean value was 167mOsm/L. (Fig.6) 5. Stool pH between 4.9 and 6.85 have been observed. Mean value was 6.85. (Fig. 6) 6. Total protein, A/G ratio, blood glucose, BUN, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, WBC and platelet count have been observed within normal range (Fig.6) 7. Mean values of electrolytes were as follows; Na: 142mEq/L, K:5.4mEq/L, Cl:108mEq/L, Ca:9.0mg/dl, P:7.6mg/dl. Na and K closely approximates lowest level of normal range, and P closely approxim-ates highest level of normal range (Fig. 6).
Birth Weight ; Blood Glucose ; Electrolytes ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant, Newborn* ; Pediatrics ; Platelet Count ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Reference Values ; Seoul ; Water

Abnomalities in the production and transport of airway secretions play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Segmental atelectasis as a complication of asthma, is relatively common in children. On the other hand, massive atelectasis such as the collapse of one lung is a very rare occurence. We report a seven-year-old male asthmatic patient with right lung collapse caused by mucoid impaction. Fourteen months before admission, the patient experiened bronchopneumonia with left unilateral lung collapse due to mucus plugging and recovered by bronchoscopic removal. The clinical findings, chest X-ray and chest CT suggested the collapse of the right lung was caused by mucus plugging. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed the obstruction of the right main bronchus due to thick mucoid impaction. The histologic finding of mucoid material removed by brochoscopy showed only eosinophil clusters. In addition to fibroptic broncoscopic removal of mucoid secretions, hydration, chest physiotherapy, brochodilators and steroids, the patient received tracheostomy because of difficulty in sputum expectoration, poor improvement of clinical symptoms and chest X-ray findings, with rapid improvements. This case showed that early aspiration of bronchial mucoid secretions by bronchoscopy and tracheostomy was very critical, without waiting for a further deterioration of respiratory function.
Asthma ; Bronchi ; Bronchopneumonia ; Bronchoscopy ; Child* ; Eosinophils ; Hand ; Humans ; Lung* ; Male ; Mucus ; Pulmonary Atelectasis* ; Sputum ; Steroids ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tracheostomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A moderate dose of statin/ezetimbe combination therapy reduced the LDL-C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) in a fashion comparable to high dose statin without increasing the adverse events in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Yet there is no data on the effectiveness and safety of statin/ezetimbe combination therapy in patients suffering with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We retrospectively compared the lipid profiles and clinical variables of 82 patients who were admitted to our institution with AMI. These patients were successfully treated with emergent coronary intervention within 12 hours after the chest pain onset and they were prescribed a single statin (statin group) or statin/ezetimibe combination therapy (dual inhibition group) for treating their hyperlipidemia within 72 hours after the admission. We compared the initial lipid profiles, the % reduction of total cholesterol (TC), the LDL-C at 1 and 6 months and the safety profiles between the two therapeutic groups. RESULTS: Although the initial TC and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in the dual inhibition group than the statin group, one month later, the % reduction of the TC was 27.9+/-13.1% and 17.0+/-15.0% (p=0.004) and the % reduction of the LDL-C was 38.5+/-12.5% and 25.1+/-18.9% (p=0.001) in each group, respectively. One patient in the dual inhibition group showed CPK elevation more than 3 times the upper normal limit and ALT elevation more than 2 times of upper normal limit was observed in one patient in the statin group. CONCLUSIONS: Cholesterol dual inhibition therapy is superior to single statin therapy for the aspect of cholesterol reduction and safety in successfully reperfused AMI patients.
Chest Pain ; Cholesterol ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Hyperlipidemias ; Myocardial Infarction ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress, Psychological

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis reveals the diets of different human populations in history. In this study, we performed stable isotope analysis on human skeletons from Joseon-period cemeteries discovered around Old Seoul City (Hansung). Our data clearly showed that Joseon individuals consumed more C3-based than C4-based foods as the main staples, and that the proteins they ate were mainly of terrestrial, but not of marine origin. Stable isotope values exhibited unique patterns in each of our sample subgroups. Whereas the delta13C values did not show any statistical differences among the subgroups, significantly higher values of delta15N were found in males than in females, which might reflect dietary differences between the sexes. For a fuller understanding of the dietary patterns of pre-industrial (pre-20th century) Koreans, additional studies on Joseon samples from Korean archaeological sites will be necessary.
Carbon ; Cemeteries* ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nitrogen ; Seoul ; Skeleton*

To date, there are still very few reports on benign-tumor cases based on East Asian skeletal series, even though other regions and continents have been well represented. In our study on the Joseon Human Skeletal Series, we identified benign bone tumors in two skeletons (cases Nos. 75 and 96). Our radiological analyses showed both cases to be homogeneous sclerotic bone masses aligned with the cranial vault suture. In a subsequent series of differential diagnoses, we determined both cases to be osteoma, the most common bone-tumor type reported for archaeological samples. Our study is the osteoarchaeological basis for this, the first-ever report on benign bone neoplasm in a pre-modern East Asian population.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Neoplasms ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans* ; Korea ; Osteoma ; Paleopathology ; Skeleton ; Skull* ; Sutures

The author's name and the institutional affiliation of the authors were published incorrectly.
Cemeteries* ; Seoul ; Skeleton*

Background/Aims: While switching strategies of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (RIs) have sometimes been used in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, the current status of in-hospital P2Y12RI switching remains unknown. Methods: Overall, 8,476 AMI patients who underwent successful revascularization from Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health (KAMIR-NIH) were divided according to in-hospital P2Y12RI strategies, and net adverse cardiovascular events (NACEs), defined as a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) major bleeding during hospitalization were compared. Results: Patients with in-hospital P2Y12RI switching accounted for 16.5%, of which 867 patients were switched from clopidogrel to potent P2Y12RI (C-P) and 532 patients from potent P2Y12RI to clopidogrel (P-C). There were no differences in NACEs among the unchanged clopidogrel, the unchanged potent P2Y12RIs, and the P2Y12RI switching groups. However, compared to the unchanged clopidogrel group, the C-P group had a higher incidence of non-fatal MI, and the P-C group had a higher incidence of TIMI major bleeding. In clinical events of in-hospital P2Y12RI switching, 90.9% of non-fatal MI occurred during pre-switching clopidogrel administration, 60.7% of TIMI major bleeding was related to pre-switching P2Y12RIs, and 71.4% of TIMI major bleeding was related to potent P2Y12RIs. Only 21.6% of the P2Y12RI switching group switched to P2Y12RIs after a loading dose (LD); however, there were no differences in clinical events between patients with and without LD. Conclusions In-hospital P2Y12RI switching occurred occasionally, but had relatively similar clinical outcomes compared to unchanged P2Y12RIs in Korean AMI patients. Non-fatal MI and bleeding appeared to be mainly related to pre-switching P2Y12RIs.

Background: There has been no comparison of the determinants of admission route between acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We examined whether factors associated with direct versus transferred-in admission to regional cardiocerebrovascular centers (RCVCs) differed between AIS and AMI. Methods: Using a nationwide RCVC registry, we identified consecutive patients presenting with AMI and AIS between July 2016 and December 2018. We explored factors associated with direct admission to RCVCs in patients with AIS and AMI and examined whether those associations differed between AIS and AMI, including interaction terms between each factor and disease type in multivariable models. To explore the influence of emergency medical service (EMS) paramedics on hospital selection, stratified analyses according to use of EMS were also performed. Results: Among the 17,897 and 8,927 AIS and AMI patients, 66.6% and 48.2% were directly admitted to RCVCs, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that previous coronary heart disease, prehospital awareness, higher education level, and EMS use increased the odds of direct admission to RCVCs, but the odds ratio (OR) was different between AIS and AMI (for the first 3 factors, AMI > AIS; for EMS use, AMI < AIS). EMS use was the single most important factor for both AIS and AMI (OR, 4.72 vs. 3.90). Hypertension and hyperlipidemia increased, while living alone decreased the odds of direct admission only in AMI;additionally, age (65–74 years), previous stroke, and presentation during non-working hours increased the odds only in AIS. EMS use weakened the associations between direct admission and most factors in both AIS and AMI. Conclusions Various patient factors were differentially associated with direct admission to RCVCs between AIS and AMI. Public education for symptom awareness and use of EMS is essential in optimizing the transportation and hospitalization of patients with AMI and AIS.