No abstract available.
Lipoma*

Focal brainstem encephalitis due to Herpes simplex virus if a very rare infectious disease, occurs with a frequent of 1-2 million population per year. A 3 years old girl is described with infection due to Herpes simplex virus causing brainstem encephalitis. The diagnosis was established by enzyme immunosorbent assays of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum which demonstrated antibody responsed to Herpes simplex virus. The clinicopathological features, radiological findings, laboratories and brainstem biopsies are discussed in the context of the literature.
Biopsy ; Brain Stem* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis* ; Female ; Herpes Simplex* ; Humans ; Simplexvirus*

No abstract available.
Occupational Health*

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to compare executive functions in patients with Organic Brain Syndrome(OBS), Schizophrenia, Depression and normal control group with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Computer Version (WCST). METHODS: WCST was administered to 82 normal adults, 32 OBS patients, 29 schizophrenic patients, and 22 depressive patients. WCST 16 indices in four groups were compared, using ANOVA and posthoc comparison. WCST performance was examined by factor analysis on the 15 indices of WCST on total subjects and the factor scores were compared. RESULT: WCST 16 indices in mental disorders (OBS, Schizophrenia, Depression) were lower than those of control groups. Three factors were derived from the analysis. These consisted of 'perseveration', 'nonperseverative error' and 'inefficient sorting'. Comparing factor scores, differences in 'perseverative error' factor and 'inefficient sorting' factor were found. CONCLUSION: The impairment of higher cognitive functions, especially executive function impairment in OBS and schizophrenia, was qualitatively different from those of depression and normal control groups. WCST can differentiate specific pattern of executive function impairment in mental disorders.
Adult ; Brain ; Depression ; Executive Function* ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Wisconsin*

BACKGROUND: Production of nitric oxide (NO) radicals may contribute to neuronal injury. We examined that the inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) could improve postischemic neurologic outcome after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Also, we measured cGMP as a marker of NOS activation in control and experimental groups. METHODS: Spinal cord ischemia in rabbits was induced by aortic occlusion with aneurysm clip at the level just below branching of left renal artery. Five minutes before aortic occlusion, saline (control group, n=10) or a NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg, L-NAME group, n=10) was injected intravenously. After 15 min ischemia and 1 hour reperfusion, animals were sacrified and the spinal cords were extruded for the measurement of cGMP by enzymeimmunoassay. For neurologic examination, the same procedures of ischemia/reperfusion and drug injection were done, except that rabbits were perfused for 4 hours (control-4 and L-NAME-4, n=8 at each group) or 48 hours (control-48 and L-NAME-48, n=8 at each group) after aortic occlusion. RESULTS: L-NAME (10 mg/kg) increased mean systemic arterial pressure accompanied by bradycardia, and reduced cGMP significantly. Control-4 animals showed better neurologic function than L-NAME-4 animals (p<0.05), however, there was no significant difference of neurologic outcome between control-48 and L-NAME-48 groups. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of L-NAME prior to spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion diminishes the extent of postischemic neuronal spinal cord damage at the early postreperfusion period.
Administration, Intravenous ; Aneurysm ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Ischemia ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurons ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester* ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitroarginine* ; Rabbits* ; Renal Artery ; Reperfusion ; Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Spinal Cord*

BACKGROUND: Production of nitric oxide (NO) radicals may contribute to neuronal injury. We examined that the inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) could improve postischemic neurologic outcome after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Also, we measured cGMP as a marker of NOS activation in control and experimental groups. METHODS: Spinal cord ischemia in rabbits was induced by aortic occlusion with aneurysm clip at the level just below branching of left renal artery. Five minutes before aortic occlusion, saline (control group, n=10) or a NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg, L-NAME group, n=10) was injected intravenously. After 15 min ischemia and 1 hour reperfusion, animals were sacrified and the spinal cords were extruded for the measurement of cGMP by enzymeimmunoassay. For neurologic examination, the same procedures of ischemia/reperfusion and drug injection were done, except that rabbits were perfused for 4 hours (control-4 and L-NAME-4, n=8 at each group) or 48 hours (control-48 and L-NAME-48, n=8 at each group) after aortic occlusion. RESULTS: L-NAME (10 mg/kg) increased mean systemic arterial pressure accompanied by bradycardia, and reduced cGMP significantly. Control-4 animals showed better neurologic function than L-NAME-4 animals (p<0.05), however, there was no significant difference of neurologic outcome between control-48 and L-NAME-48 groups. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of L-NAME prior to spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion diminishes the extent of postischemic neuronal spinal cord damage at the early postreperfusion period.
Administration, Intravenous ; Aneurysm ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Ischemia ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurons ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester* ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitroarginine* ; Rabbits* ; Renal Artery ; Reperfusion ; Spinal Cord Ischemia ; Spinal Cord*

Schwannomas are neurogenic tumors that arise from Schwann cells of the neural sheath. They are most often benign and solitary. Ancient schwannoma is a rare variant of schwannoma with a typical characteristics of a slow growing benign tumor. A case of ancient schwannoma which originated from the lingual nerve has not been reported in the literature yet. The clinical and histological aspects of this tumor are discussed and the literature regarding this rare entity is reviewed.
Lingual Nerve* ; Neurilemmoma* ; Schwann Cells

Purpose: The association between the healing of an injured anterolateral ligament (ALL) and residual pivot-shift following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions is rarely reported. This study analyzed the relationship between unhealed ALL and residual pivot-shift after an ACL reconstruction. Materials and Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent autologous hamstring ACL reconstructions within 6 weeks after injury from January 2008 to March 2021. Preoperative ALL injuries and postoperative ALL healing were graded according to the magnetic resonance imaging classification, with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging performed 7.8 months after surgery on average. The patients were categorized based on postoperative ALL healing, and the clinical scores (Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale) and knee stability (Lachman test and pivot-shift test) were assessed at the 1-year postoperative follow-up. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients were enrolled in this study. One hundred and twenty-eight (88.3%) patients had a concomitant ALL injury. Among 86 patients with preoperative grade B, 16 (18.6%) patients showed grade 1 (good), and 70 (81.4%) showed grade 2 (partial) ALL postoperatively. Among the 42 patients with preoperative grade C (complete tear), 1 (2.4%) patient showed grade 1 (good), 21 (50.0%) showed grade 2 (partial), and 20 (47.6%) showed grade 3 (non-visualized) ALL. Preoperative grade C was significantly associated with a higher incidence of grade 3 (non-visualized) postoperatively than the other groups (p<0.001). Postoperatively, the Lachman test, KT-1000 (MEDmetric Corp.) arthrometer (side-to-side difference), Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scales did not show a significant difference among the intact, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 ALL groups. The pivot-shift test showed a significant difference between the ALL grades (p=0.001). Grade 3 ALL group showed a higher incidence of pivot-shift than the intact, grade 1, and grade 2 ALL groups. Conclusion Patients with preoperative grade C had a higher rate of grade 3 postoperatively compared to the other groups. In addition, the grade 3 group had a significantly higher incidence of a pivot-shift. Therefore, in cases of ACL injuries with concomitant complete ALL tears, ALL reconstruction should be considered during ACL reconstruction.

Purpose: The association between the healing of an injured anterolateral ligament (ALL) and residual pivot-shift following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions is rarely reported. This study analyzed the relationship between unhealed ALL and residual pivot-shift after an ACL reconstruction. Materials and Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent autologous hamstring ACL reconstructions within 6 weeks after injury from January 2008 to March 2021. Preoperative ALL injuries and postoperative ALL healing were graded according to the magnetic resonance imaging classification, with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging performed 7.8 months after surgery on average. The patients were categorized based on postoperative ALL healing, and the clinical scores (Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale) and knee stability (Lachman test and pivot-shift test) were assessed at the 1-year postoperative follow-up. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients were enrolled in this study. One hundred and twenty-eight (88.3%) patients had a concomitant ALL injury. Among 86 patients with preoperative grade B, 16 (18.6%) patients showed grade 1 (good), and 70 (81.4%) showed grade 2 (partial) ALL postoperatively. Among the 42 patients with preoperative grade C (complete tear), 1 (2.4%) patient showed grade 1 (good), 21 (50.0%) showed grade 2 (partial), and 20 (47.6%) showed grade 3 (non-visualized) ALL. Preoperative grade C was significantly associated with a higher incidence of grade 3 (non-visualized) postoperatively than the other groups (p<0.001). Postoperatively, the Lachman test, KT-1000 (MEDmetric Corp.) arthrometer (side-to-side difference), Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scales did not show a significant difference among the intact, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 ALL groups. The pivot-shift test showed a significant difference between the ALL grades (p=0.001). Grade 3 ALL group showed a higher incidence of pivot-shift than the intact, grade 1, and grade 2 ALL groups. Conclusion Patients with preoperative grade C had a higher rate of grade 3 postoperatively compared to the other groups. In addition, the grade 3 group had a significantly higher incidence of a pivot-shift. Therefore, in cases of ACL injuries with concomitant complete ALL tears, ALL reconstruction should be considered during ACL reconstruction.

Purpose: The association between the healing of an injured anterolateral ligament (ALL) and residual pivot-shift following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions is rarely reported. This study analyzed the relationship between unhealed ALL and residual pivot-shift after an ACL reconstruction. Materials and Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients who underwent autologous hamstring ACL reconstructions within 6 weeks after injury from January 2008 to March 2021. Preoperative ALL injuries and postoperative ALL healing were graded according to the magnetic resonance imaging classification, with postoperative magnetic resonance imaging performed 7.8 months after surgery on average. The patients were categorized based on postoperative ALL healing, and the clinical scores (Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale) and knee stability (Lachman test and pivot-shift test) were assessed at the 1-year postoperative follow-up. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients were enrolled in this study. One hundred and twenty-eight (88.3%) patients had a concomitant ALL injury. Among 86 patients with preoperative grade B, 16 (18.6%) patients showed grade 1 (good), and 70 (81.4%) showed grade 2 (partial) ALL postoperatively. Among the 42 patients with preoperative grade C (complete tear), 1 (2.4%) patient showed grade 1 (good), 21 (50.0%) showed grade 2 (partial), and 20 (47.6%) showed grade 3 (non-visualized) ALL. Preoperative grade C was significantly associated with a higher incidence of grade 3 (non-visualized) postoperatively than the other groups (p<0.001). Postoperatively, the Lachman test, KT-1000 (MEDmetric Corp.) arthrometer (side-to-side difference), Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scales did not show a significant difference among the intact, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 ALL groups. The pivot-shift test showed a significant difference between the ALL grades (p=0.001). Grade 3 ALL group showed a higher incidence of pivot-shift than the intact, grade 1, and grade 2 ALL groups. Conclusion Patients with preoperative grade C had a higher rate of grade 3 postoperatively compared to the other groups. In addition, the grade 3 group had a significantly higher incidence of a pivot-shift. Therefore, in cases of ACL injuries with concomitant complete ALL tears, ALL reconstruction should be considered during ACL reconstruction.