BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Many studies have revealed that eating frequency influences the total serum cholesterol level, glucose tolerance and obesity. Hypothesizing that an increase in eating frequency decreases the prevalence of metabolic syndrome with total energy intake adjusted, we evaluated the association between eating frequency and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Koreans aged more than 20 years old. METHODS: We used the data from the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the Asia-Pacific regional obesity guidelines. To examine the association of metabolic syndrome with eating frequency, snack frequency and meal frequency, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, daily caloric intake, smoking and drinking. RESULTS: Meal frequency was associated with metabolic syndrome in the 20-45 years group (P=0.011). Eating frequency was significantly related with metabolic syndrome in the group aged more than 45 years (P=0.025). Within the subgroup of subjects more than 45 years who had one or two meals a day, snack frequency showed a significant association with metabolic syndrome (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a decreased eating frequency is associated with a risk of metabolic syndrome, although the causal relationship is not exactly known. It would be useful to pursue this question through further studies.
Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Food Habits ; Glucose ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Meals ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Snacks

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

BACKGROUND: To report the radiological and clinical outcomes of internal fixation using distal clavicle hook plates for distal clavicle fractures. METHODS: From April 2008 to December 2012, 32 patients with distal clavicle fractures underwent surgery using an AO hook plate. The reduction was qualified and evaluated according to the radiological findings. The evaluation of the clinical outcomes was performed with the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, the Korean Shoulder score, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. RESULTS: By radiological evaluation, we found that 31 of 32 patients showed anatomical reduction and solid bone union. Although we obtained satisfactory UCLA scores, Korean Shoulder Scale scores, and VAS pain scores, 12 cases of complications were present. We found 4 cases of osteolysis of the acromion, 1 case of nonunion, 3 cases of periprosthetic fractures, 3 cases of subacromial pain, and 1 case of skin irritation. We performed re-operations in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid complications associated with clavicle hook plates, choosing the appropriate hook size and bending of the hook according to the slope of the acromion undersurface is critical. Also, we believe that early removal of clavicle plates may help reduce complications.
Acromion ; California ; Clavicle* ; Humans ; Osteolysis ; Periprosthetic Fractures ; Shoulder ; Skin

The method of ankle arthrodesis is variable but compression arthrodesis has been widely used because of better results than non-compression arthrodesis. Twenty-one cases of ankle arthrodesis were carried out at department of orthopaedic surgery of Korea Veterans Hospital from January 1980 to June 1986, and were analysed clinically. The results obtained were as follows; l. Among 11 cases of compression arthrodesis, Charnleys method was done in 8 cases and Monofixateur in 3 cases. 2. Among 10 cases of non-compression arthrodesis, Chuinard-Peterson method was done in 7 cases and anterior 'sliding graft in 3 cases. 3. The average duration of immobilization after ankle arthrodesis was 11.7 weeks, and average 4.2 weeks were less needed in the compression arthrodesis than non-compression arthrodesis. 4. The postoperative complications were developed in 8 cases (38%): wound infection in 4 cases,skin necrosis in 3 cases and incisional neuroma in 1 case. 5. Bony union was obtained in 20 cases(95.2%) out of 21 cases at average 15.7 weeks, and in the non-compression arthrodesis and in the cnmpression arthrodesis, respectively, 90% at 17.7 weeks and 100% at 13.9 weeks.
Ankle Joint ; Ankle ; Arthrodesis ; Hospitals, Veterans ; Immobilization ; Korea ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Neuroma ; Postoperative Complications ; Transplants ; Wound Infection

To explain a part of the machanism of regression of new vessels after laser photocoagulation in retinal vascular occlusive diseases causing neovascularization, particularly for diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degene- ration, we performed this study. Photocoagulation was done with argon green laser on the right superofrontal retina of the 15 eyes of white rats. On the first, third, and sixth day after laser photocoagulation, both eyes of 5 rats were enucleated and stained with polyclonal anti-transforming growth factor-beta2(Anti-TGF-beta 2) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(Anti-VEGF) antibody by immuno peroxidase technique. TGF-beta2 and VEGF were not expressed in retina of normal control eyes. After laser photocoagulation, degree of expression of TGF-beta2 and VEGF increased in 24 hours, only in and adjacent to the photocoagulated area. Thereafter, degree of expression of both factor decreased, especially that of VEGF decreased much more than that of TGF-beta2. To elucidate the exact mechanism, more qualitative and quantitative analysis will be necessary.
Animals ; Argon ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Light Coagulation* ; Peroxidase ; Rats* ; Retina ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

INTRODUCTION: Urinary retention (UR) is one most common complication of anal surgery and its cause is multifactorial. Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is caused by cerebrospinal fluid leakage after spinal anesthesia, therefore it may be aggravated by early ambulation. PURPOSE: To determine whether early ambulation (EA) vs. bed rest (BR) reduces the incidence of UR after anal surgery under spinal anesthesia, without causing PDPH. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized study, 107 patients undergoing anal surgery under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned in the EA group (n=54) or the BR group (n=53). UR was defined as a voiding difficulty that needs catheterization. In the BR group, the patients were positioned flat in bed on the operation day. Anesthetic techniques (tetracaine injection using 24-gauge needle in sitting position, bupivacaine local infiltration) and postoperative pain therapy (intramuscular demerol injection every 6 hours, oral nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drug plus acetaminophen) were standardized. Perioperative intravenous fluids were restricted. RESULTS: Urinary retention and PDPH occurred in 32 (29.9%) and 7 (6.5%) patients, respectively. UR was significantly reduced in the EA group (10/54=18.5%) vs. the BR group (22/53=41.5%) (p=0.017, Chi-square). The incidence of PDPH, however, was not different between the two groups (5.6% in the EA vs. 7.5% in the BR group). CONCLUSIONS: Early ambulation has important implication on reducing the incidence of urinary retention after anal surgery under spinal anesthesia, without causing PDPH.
Anesthesia, Spinal ; Bed Rest ; Bupivacaine ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Early Ambulation* ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meperidine ; Needles ; Pain, Postoperative ; Post-Dural Puncture Headache ; Prospective Studies ; Urinary Retention*

No abstract available.
Statistics as Topic*

We reviewed medical records of 24 eyes which had undergone transscleral suture fixation of PC IOL after removal of clear or cataractous lens combined with pars plana vitrectomy from May 1992 to December 1996. The follow u[ [eropds fpr tjos seroes ramged frp, 54 to 772 days(mean 253 days). The visual acuity of 21 eyes (87.5%) was improved and that of 1 eyes(4.2%) was not changed. Postoperative complications, such as IOL precipitates(9 eyes), anterior chamber fibrin exudation (2 eyes), elevation of intraocular pressure(2 eyes)intraocular bleeding(2 eyes), corneal edema (1 eye), tilting of IOL(1 eye), decentration of IOL(1 eye), and retinal detachment(1 eye), were developed. Based on these results, transscleral suture fixation of PC IOL may be a good operative technique in aphakic eyes undergone pars plana vitrectomy and removal of lens.
Anterior Chamber ; Cataract ; Corneal Edema ; Fibrin ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Medical Records ; Postoperative Complications ; Retinaldehyde ; Sutures* ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy*

Perfluorocarbon liquids have been used as vitreous substitutes for the complicated vitreoretinal surgery. Some authors have reported that perfluorophenanthrene(C14, F24) liquid could be left in the eye for extended term without ocular toxicity. We reviewed 37 eyes that had undergone surgery using perfluorophe-nanthrene(C14, F24) liquid at our hospital since June, 1991 to March, 1996. It was used as intraoperative tool in 20 eyes(Group I), and as postoperative tamponade material in 17 eyes for variable period from 24 hours to 45 days(Group II). Group III includes 11 anatomically successful eyes among group II. Follow up periods were from 111 to 1763(mean 341) days. The rate of anatomical success was 100, 64.7% in group I and II, and the rate of functional success was 70, 70.6, 90.9% in group I, II, III, respectively. Postoperatively, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, recurrent retinal detachment, and elevation of intraocular pressure were observed in both group I and II. According to the above results, it would be better that perflourophenanthrene liquid be used as an intraoperative tool than as a postoprative extended period tamponade.
Follow-Up Studies ; Intraocular Pressure ; Retinal Detachment ; Vitreoretinal Surgery* ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative

The purpose of this study was to compare surface roughness and bone formation around two types of threaded commercially pure titanium implants manufactured by two different companies. The test implants were manufactured by Sumin synthesis dental materials Co. (Avana, Busan, Korea), while the controls were manufactured by Nobel Biocare (MK II, Goteborg, Sweden). To compare bone formation adjacent to newly product with Branemark MK II implant, surface roughness was measured by Accurate 1500M and histomorphometric analysis was done. The results were as follows : 1. Measurement of surface roughness showed that Avana implant had a slightly more irregular surface compared with Branemark implant. 2. In the light microscopic studies, no infiltration of inflammatory cells nor the giant cells wee observed on both groups. 3. In th light and fluorescent microscopic studies, the amount of osseointegration and the extent and the timing of bone formation were similar. 4. There were no statistically difference between two groups in the average bone to implant contacts. Branemark implant ; 67%(SC 23%), Avana implant ; 70%(SD 16%). Comparing with Branemark implant, Avana implant made of CP grade II titanium showed similar good bone healing, formation and osseointegration.
Busan ; Dental Materials ; Giant Cells ; Osseointegration ; Osteogenesis ; Titanium*