The treatment of sports injuries traditionally has included the use of the PRICE principle (protection, rest, ice/cold, compression, and elevation), analgesics/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and, commonly, corticosteroids. Although NSAIDs, modalities, and corticosteroids may be helpful for short-term pain reduction and early recovery of function, they do not typically reverse the structural changes associated with degenerative conditions and may contribute to even worse long-term outcomes by potentially interfering with tissue healing. Regenerative interventions, including prolotherapy and extracorporeal shock wave therapy, recently have been used to treat refractory painful conditions such as chronic tendinopathies because of the potential of these interventions to facilitate tissue healing. The true utility of prolotherapy and regenerative medicine for sports injuries will become clearer as more high-quality research is published.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Athletic Injuries* ; Pain, Intractable ; Recovery of Function ; Regenerative Medicine* ; Shock* ; Sports* ; Tendinopathy ; Wound Healing

Ultrasound (US) imaging is an efficient, easy to use, rapid, dynamic, noninvasive, with rare side-effects and inexpensive tool allowing for facilitated diagnosis and management of the painful shoulder. It also has advantages over other imaging modalities in the evaluation of the postoperative shoulder for rotator cuff integrity and correct anchor and suture placement, as well as rotator cuff analysis following repair surgery. Early postoperative tendons frequently had a hypo- echoic echo texture and the absence of a fibrillar pattern, which might be misinterpreted as recurrent tears. however, these features often normalized into tendons with an increased echo texture and the reappearance of a fibrillar pattern at 6 months. Based on these sequential findings, the US findings within 3 months after surgery should be interpreted with caution to accurately understand and monitor the repaired tendon status.

Ultrasound (US) imaging is an efficient, easy to use, rapid, dynamic, noninvasive, with rare side-effects and inexpensive tool allowing for facilitated diagnosis and management of the painful shoulder. It also has advantages over other imaging modalities in the evaluation of the postoperative shoulder for rotator cuff integrity and correct anchor and suture placement, as well as rotator cuff analysis following repair surgery. Early postoperative tendons frequently had a hypo- echoic echo texture and the absence of a fibrillar pattern, which might be misinterpreted as recurrent tears. however, these features often normalized into tendons with an increased echo texture and the reappearance of a fibrillar pattern at 6 months. Based on these sequential findings, the US findings within 3 months after surgery should be interpreted with caution to accurately understand and monitor the repaired tendon status.

Muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of muscle satellite cells following injury. Recent advancements in bioelectronic medicine have highlighted the potential of electroceuticals—therapies that use electrical stimulation to modulate biological systems—as a promising approach to enhance muscle repair and regeneration. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation influences muscle tissue regeneration, focusing on the modulation of cellular pathways such as myogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. We also review the effects of various stimulation parameters, including frequency, intensity, and waveform, on muscle regeneration outcomes.Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that electroceutical interventions can accelerate recovery following muscle injury, enhance muscle strength, and reduce fibrosis. However, challenges remain in optimizing the stimulation protocols for different injury models and in translating these findings into widespread clinical applications. Further research is necessary to establish standardized treatment regimens and to understand the long-term effects of electroceutical therapy on muscle health. This review provides insights into the current status of electroceuticals in muscle regeneration and discusses future directions for improving therapeutic efficacy.

Muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of muscle satellite cells following injury. Recent advancements in bioelectronic medicine have highlighted the potential of electroceuticals—therapies that use electrical stimulation to modulate biological systems—as a promising approach to enhance muscle repair and regeneration. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation influences muscle tissue regeneration, focusing on the modulation of cellular pathways such as myogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. We also review the effects of various stimulation parameters, including frequency, intensity, and waveform, on muscle regeneration outcomes.Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that electroceutical interventions can accelerate recovery following muscle injury, enhance muscle strength, and reduce fibrosis. However, challenges remain in optimizing the stimulation protocols for different injury models and in translating these findings into widespread clinical applications. Further research is necessary to establish standardized treatment regimens and to understand the long-term effects of electroceutical therapy on muscle health. This review provides insights into the current status of electroceuticals in muscle regeneration and discusses future directions for improving therapeutic efficacy.

Muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of muscle satellite cells following injury. Recent advancements in bioelectronic medicine have highlighted the potential of electroceuticals—therapies that use electrical stimulation to modulate biological systems—as a promising approach to enhance muscle repair and regeneration. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation influences muscle tissue regeneration, focusing on the modulation of cellular pathways such as myogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. We also review the effects of various stimulation parameters, including frequency, intensity, and waveform, on muscle regeneration outcomes.Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that electroceutical interventions can accelerate recovery following muscle injury, enhance muscle strength, and reduce fibrosis. However, challenges remain in optimizing the stimulation protocols for different injury models and in translating these findings into widespread clinical applications. Further research is necessary to establish standardized treatment regimens and to understand the long-term effects of electroceutical therapy on muscle health. This review provides insights into the current status of electroceuticals in muscle regeneration and discusses future directions for improving therapeutic efficacy.

Muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of muscle satellite cells following injury. Recent advancements in bioelectronic medicine have highlighted the potential of electroceuticals—therapies that use electrical stimulation to modulate biological systems—as a promising approach to enhance muscle repair and regeneration. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which electrical stimulation influences muscle tissue regeneration, focusing on the modulation of cellular pathways such as myogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. We also review the effects of various stimulation parameters, including frequency, intensity, and waveform, on muscle regeneration outcomes.Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that electroceutical interventions can accelerate recovery following muscle injury, enhance muscle strength, and reduce fibrosis. However, challenges remain in optimizing the stimulation protocols for different injury models and in translating these findings into widespread clinical applications. Further research is necessary to establish standardized treatment regimens and to understand the long-term effects of electroceutical therapy on muscle health. This review provides insights into the current status of electroceuticals in muscle regeneration and discusses future directions for improving therapeutic efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms including yeast and molds. Many studies have focused on modifying bacterial growth, but few on fungal growth. Microcurrent electricity may stimulate fungal growth. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate effects of microcurrent electric stimulation on Trichophyton rubrum growth. METHODS: Standard-sized inoculums of T. rubrum derived from a spore suspension were applied to potato dextrose cornmeal agar (PDACC) plates, gently withdrawn with a sterile pipette, and were applied to twelve PDACC plates with a sterile spreader. Twelve Petri dishes were divided into four groups. The given amperage of electric current was 500 nA, 2 µA, and 4 µA in groups A, B, and C, respectively. No electric current was given in group D. RESULTS: In the first 48 hours, colonies only appeared in groups A and B (500 nA and 2 µA exposure). Colonies in group A (500 nA) were denser. Group C (4 µA) plates showed a barely visible film of fungus after 96 hours of incubation. Fungal growth became visible after 144 hours in the control group. CONCLUSION: Lower intensities of electric current caused faster fungal growth within the amperage range used in this study. Based on these results, further studies with a larger sample size, various fungal species, and various intensities of electric stimulation should be conducted.
Agar ; Electric Stimulation ; Electricity ; Fungi ; Glucose ; Sample Size ; Solanum tuberosum ; Spores ; Trichophyton* ; Yeasts

BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have been focused on bacterial growth but limited number of literature has been reported regarding modification of fungal growth. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate effects of low alternating current on Microsporum (M.) canis and Trichophyton (T.) tonsurans growth. METHODS: Inoculums of M. canis and T. tonsurans were applied to twenty-four PDACT (potato dextrose agar-corn meal-Tween 80) plates with a sterile spreader. Petri dishes were allocated into 8 groups according to the fungi species and the amperage delivered to these dishes. Group A, B, C and D were M. canis group and E, F, G, H were T. tonsurans group. The given amperage of electric current was 0.5 µA in group A and E, 2 µA in B and F, 4 µA in C and G. No electric current was given in group D and H. RESULTS: In groups A, B, and C the average time elapsed for colony appearances were 42 hours, 43.17 hours, and 40.5 hours respectively. The average time elapsed in the control group D was 88.67 hours. In groups E, F, and G the average time elapsed for colony appearances were 63.67 hours, 61.83 hours, and 64.17 hours respectively. The average time elapsed in the control group H was 90.60 hours. CONCLUSION With electric current, faster fungal growth was observed in the amperage range used in this study. Based on these results, we hypothesized that microcurrent helps the fungal growth.

Objective: We compared the regenerative effects of microcurrent therapy (MT) according to the type of electric current, which were direct current microcurrent therapy (DCMT) and alternating current microcurrent therapy (ACMT) on atrophied calf muscle in cast-immobilized rabbit. Methods: Rabbits were allocated into control group (sham MT), ACMT group, and DCMT group.Before starting treatment, right gastrocnemius (GCM) muscle was immobilized by cast for 2 weeks. Compound muscle action potential of tibial nerve in nerve conduction study, circumference of calf muscle using a ruler, and thickness of medial and lateral GCM muscle measured by ultrasound, cross sectional area (CSA), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) ratios (%) of muscle fibers were measured on the immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The mean atrophic changes (%) in right medial and lateral GCM muscle thickness, right calf circumference, and amplitude of CMAP of the right tibial nerve in ACMT group and DCMT group were significantly lower than those in control group, respectively (p＜0.05). The mean CSA (μm 2 ) of type I and type II and PCNA ratios (%) of medial and lateral GCM muscle fibers in ACMT group and DCMT group were significantly greater than those in control group, respectively (p＜0.05). There were no significant differences between the ACMT group and DCMT group at all parameters. Conclusion This study demonstrated that ACMT and DCMT showed better regeneration effect than sham MT. Microcurrent may be effective in regeneration of atrophied muscle regardless of the type of current.