No abstract available.
Constriction, Pathologic* ; Sutures* ; Trachea*

No abstract available.
Breast Diseases* ; Breast*

No abstract available.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Endocrine System* ; Rats*

The development of the arthroscopic surgery technique presented a great method in the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. There were many debates about the timing of reconstruction in the acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. However, it was regarded true that primary reconstruction in the acute phase have higher complication rate of arthrofibrosis than in the chronic phase. Many authors recommended delay of reconstruction at least 3 weeks in acute tear of anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, some surgeons have tried to suture the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament accompanied by 'over-the-top' augmentation with the hamstring tendon or the artificial ligament arthroscopically. Since Jan. 1992, the authors have implanted the synthetic polyester ligament(ABC ligament; Surgicraft, U.K.) into the substance of ruptured ligament proper and fixed at the 'over-the-top' position without any procedure for repair of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Our indication for this surgery is only acute rupture of anterior cruciate ligament with good stump condition. We report the clinical results of 22 cases at 20.3 months follow-up(mean) preliminarily. l. On measurement of pre-operative and post-operative differences between the normal and the affected side by Telos stress X-ray study and KT-2000 arthrometer. Differences were markedly improved from 5.6mm(mean: pre-op) to 1.9mm(mean: post-op) on Telos stress X-ray study(on 15 Kp stress) and both knee showed minimal differences on KT-2000 study(2.2mm on 9Kp, 2.5mm on maximum stress) at the time of follow-up. 2. The average Lysholm score was 82. By Clancy criteria, the 20 cases(91%) showed good and excellent results. 3. Second look arthroscopy was available in three cases. In two cases, there were marked fibrous proliferation around the ligament. The stability felt good on probing. We could observe healing-like appearance of ruptured ACL with minimal fibrous tissue proliferation in one another case.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Arthroscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Polyesters ; Rupture ; Surgeons ; Sutures ; Tears ; Tendons

In the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture, it should be considered that it can often accompany injuries of the collateral ligament, both cruciate ligament, and the menisci of the knee. Moreover it is necessary to restore anatomical congruity of the articular surface accurately. We performed reduction of the depressed articular fragment under monitoring of arthroscopy and fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft under the control of image intensifier in 2 cases of Type I(Pure cleavage) and 3 cases of type II(cleavage with depression) fractures. The results were very satisfactory. Arthroscopy assisted reduction and fixation are very useful method in the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture because of (1) the minimized operative morbidity, (2) the ability to evaluate and manage associated intraarticular pathology simultaneously, (3) the rapid rehabilitation, (4) the achievement of good reduction comparable to open reduction.
Arthroscopy ; Collateral Ligaments ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Pathology ; Rehabilitation ; Transplants

Owing to the advancement of imaging techniques which include the CT scan, it became easier to evaluate fracture patterns of calcaneal fractures accurately. Moreover, it is possible to obtain good results with operative treatment as a consequence of the development of good operative equipment and new operative technique. In 1988, Regazzoni and Benirschke in 1990, recommended L-shaped extensive lateral approach for calcaneus which provide extensive exposure of calcaneus and so allow easier reduction and fixation. We carried out L-shaped extensive lateral approach in 11 cases from June, 1993 to April, 1994. This approach did not produce any skin problems and allowed excellent anatomical reduction and fixation. But we experienced some severe causalgia on the heel region in several cases. We tried to analyse the cause of pain and concluded that it was the damage to the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve. We are reporting the problems of tbis approach.
Calcaneus ; Causalgia ; Heel ; Skin ; Sural Nerve ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

No abstract available.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Hemorrhage* ; Rats*

PURPOSE: Irritations or painful stimuli to the bladde: may alter voiding behaviorand this may be associated with dysfunction of periurethral muscles. In our study, recording of bladder and sphincter activity in response to intravesical irritants(acetic acid, capsaicin) was done and the effects of Intrathecal administration of transmitters(enkephalin, susbtance P and its antagonist, or calcitonin gene related peptide and its antagonist) was analyzed MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats(400-500gm) were anesthetized with intraperitoneal urethane mixed with entobar. The left femoral artery and vein were cannulated for blood pressure monitoring and drug administration. A catheter(PE 50) was inserted into the bladder dome through a midline abdominal incision and bipolar electromyographic(EMG) needle electrodes were placed into the urethral sphincter. Peak contractile pressure and EMG activities were measured on a polygraph. Saline, acetic acid, or capsaicin was infused into the bladder at 50mu1/min and saline, enkephalin (ENK), substance P(SP) and its antagonist, or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and its antagonist was administered intrathecally. RESULTS: Each micturition cycle started with an increase in bladder pressure which triggered the contraction of the external urethral sphincter. Fast Fourier transform(FFT) analysis of the external sphincter EMG revealed a peak activity at 500Hz. The inteNal and duration of EIOG bursts were 38+/-2 msec and 92+/-10 msec respectively. The interval of bladder contraction was 809+/-23 sec. Intravesical acetic acid and capsaicin activated micturition reflex earlier than in control group and intrathecal ENK, SP antagonist, and CGRP antagonist attenuated the parameters in activated micturition reflex. CONCLUSIONS: Urethral sphincte EMG showed constant burst duration and interval in spite of the infusion of acetic acid or capsaicin. Intravesical acetic acid or capsaicin increased the peak amplitude of intravesical pressure, lowered voided volume, and shortened EMG spike duration and voiding interval significantly. Intrathecal injection of ENK, SP, SP antagonist, CGRP, and CGRP antagonist changed the parameters, especially the voiding interval, voiding duration and peak pressure of the bladder.
Acetic Acid ; Adult ; Blood Pressure Monitors ; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide ; Capsaicin ; Electrodes ; Enkephalins ; Femoral Artery ; Humans ; Injections, Spinal ; Male ; Muscles ; Needles ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reflex* ; Urethane ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urination* ; Veins

Orofacial neuropathic pain is initiated by extraction of teeth or nerve injury from trauma in the trigeminal nerve that innervates the facial area. In the experiment, orofacial neuropathic pain usually occurred following injury of peripheral trigeminal nerve including infra-orbital nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, or mental nerve. In addition, pathology from trigeminal nerve root or ganglion is involved in orofacial neuropathic pain. This study introduced various animal models that help us study the underlying mechanisms of development or maintenance of orofacial neuropathic pain. One of the most typical symptoms of orofacial neuropathic pain is hypersensitivity to the innocuous mechanical stimuli. Our study presents a novel method to evaluate mechanical allodynia in rats with orofacial neuropathic pain. Recently, accumulate evidence support participation of central glial cells in the development or maintenance of orofacial neuropathic pain. Signaling molecules in glial cells also play an important role in neuropathic pain in the orofacial area.
Animals ; Facial Pain ; Ganglion Cysts ; Hyperalgesia ; Hypersensitivity ; Mandibular Nerve ; Models, Animal ; Neuralgia ; Neuroglia ; Rats ; Tooth ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

BACKGROUND: The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the region of the brain stem in which primary baroreceptor afferents teminate, is critically important in the normal regulation of arterial pressure (AP). In the NTS, excitatory amino acids such as L-glutamate serve as the main neurotransmitter in the regulation of AP. However, the function of GABA in the NTS has not been established. To test the function of GABA, we applied GABAergic agents to the NTS. METHODS: The experiments were conducted on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-500g. A cannula (PE-50 tubing filled with heparinized saline) was inserted into the femoral artery for recording of AP and heart rate(HR). Another cannula was inserted into the femoral vein for administration of nitroprusside or phenylephrine. After rats were placed on a sterotaxic instrument, the dorsal surface of the medulla was exposed, and with the aid of a surgical microscope, the NTS was visualized. Drug injections were made into the NTS using single- or three-barreled grass micropipettes pulled to an outer diameter of 80-100(micro)m and connected to a 1(micro)l Hamilton syringe. RESULTS: The follwing results were obtained in this experiment. Injection into the NTS of 10 or 20 nmol nipecitic acid, a selective inhibitor of GABA untake, produced an increase in AP. The pressor responses evoked by two doses of nipecotic acid were not significantly different. Injection of GABA(A) agonist, musciml(5 pmol in 80 nl artificial CSF) and GABA(B) agonist, baclofen (20 pmol in 80 nl) into the NTS of urethane-anesthetized rats prodused an increase in AP of 16.6+/-1.3 and 27.6+/-1.5 mmHg, respectively. Thus the pressor response to GABA(B) agonist was greater than to GABA(A) agonist. On the other hand, microinjection of GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline and GABA(B) antagonist, phaclofen into the NTS decreased AP by approximately 13.4+/-1.0 and 20.9+/- mmHg, respectively. Thus injection of nipecotic acid into the NTS was greater in control group compared with the muscimiol or baclofen groups. The AP changes caused by i.v. injection of nitroprusside or phenylephrine were smallest in control group and greatest in the baclofen group. When calculated as baroreflex sensitivity, the change was greatest in control group and smallest in the baclofen group. CONCLUSION: From these results it was concluded that GABA in the NTS plays an important role in the regulation of AP, especially through GABA(B) receptors, and have an inhibitory effect on baroreceptor reflex.
Adult ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Baclofen ; Baroreflex ; Bicuculline ; Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem ; Catheters ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; Femoral Artery ; Femoral Vein ; GABA Agents ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Glutamic Acid ; Hand ; Heart ; Heparin ; Humans ; Male ; Microinjections ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nitroprusside ; Phenylephrine ; Poaceae ; Pressoreceptors ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solitary Nucleus* ; Syringes