The purpose of this study is to know about the positional change of second molar when orthodontic treatment is performed. To know about it, we andlysed cephalogram pre. and post treatment for 54 adult patients who were finished orthodontic treatment by banding to the first molar and classify them into 4 groups : Class I extraction group 15, Class I nonextraction group 12, Class II group 13, class Class III group 14. The following conclusions were obtained: 1. In the extraction group of Class I, mandibular second molar showed less extrusion and more distal inclination than first moral. But maxillary second molar showed more or less extrusive and mesial inclination to much the same degree of first molar. 2. In the non-extractio group of Class I, mandibular second molar in intrusive to first molar, it showed similar distal inclination to first molar. But maxillary second molar is extrusive similarly to first molar. 3. In the group of Class II, mandibular second molar is less extrusive than first molar and maxillary second molar is more extrusive than first molar. 4. In the group of Class III, mandibular second molar showed similar extrusion to first molar and more distal inclination than first molar. But maxillary second molar showed less extrusion than first molar. 5. A comparision of the positional change of second molar among groups : The change of distance from FH plane to funcation point of maxillary second molar is the difference between Class I extraction group and Class II group, Class I extraction group and Class III group. The change of maxillary second molar to palatal plane and occlusal plane is the difference between Class I extraction group and Class III group. And the change of distance from mandibular plane to furcation point of mandibular second molar is difference between Class I extraction group and non-extraction group, Class I non-extraction group and Class II group, Class I non-extraction group and Class III group. But the change of angle of mandibular second molar to mandibular plane and occlusal plane is make no difference in among groups.
Adult ; Dental Occlusion ; Humans ; Molar*

We report the case of a 20-year-old female with lymphoma of the breast. Mammography showed an asymmetric pattern of confluent densities without any discrete mass. Sonography revealed diffuse heterogenous echoic mass intermingled with low-and medium level echoes. We present the clinical, radiographic and histologic features of primary breast lymphoma with a brief review of the literatures.
Adult ; Breast Neoplasms/*pathology/therapy/ultrasonography ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma/*pathology/therapy/ultrasonography ; Mammography ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology/therapy/ultrasonography

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) refers to the presence of orthostatic intolerance with a heart rate (HR) increment of 30 beats per minute (bpm) or an absolute HR of 120 bpm or more. There are sporadic reports of the autonomic nervous system dysfunction in migraine and fibromyalgia. We report a case of POTS associated with migraine and fibromyalgia. The patient was managed with multidisciplinary therapies involving medication, education, and exercise which resulted in symptomatic improvement. We also review the literature on the association between POTS, migraine, and fibromyalgia.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Fibromyalgia ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Mustard Compounds ; Orthostatic Intolerance ; Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome

To examine AZT resistance of HIV-1 isolates from AZT treated or untreated Korean, several biological characteristics such as syncytium formation, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and the p24 antigen production in MT-2 cells infected with 4 HRT_1 isolates were determined. As controls, we tested HIV-1 HTLV-IIIB and pre-drug isolate as AZT susceptible strains, in addition to HIV-1 RTMC/MT-2 and post-drug isolate as AZT resistant strains. When the inoculum size of HIV-1 was 300 TCID50well and 100 TCID50/well, the AZT susceptibility of AZT untreated HIV-1 isolates 8806 and 9571 were similar to that of HIV-1 HTLV-IIIB and AZT-susceptible HIV-1 strains. When we evaluated AZT resistance of isolates HRs-1 8812 and 9113 treated with AZT for 36 months by observation of syncytium formation, HIV-1 8812 showed resistance simillar to that of HIV-1 RTMC/MT-2 strain forming syncytium up to AZT 1microgram/ml, and HIV-1 9113 showed resistance identical with that of AZT-resistant HIV-1 strain which formed syncytium up to AZT 10 microgram/ml. Especially, when we evaluated AZT resistance by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activty and the p24 antigen production, HIV-1 isolates 8812 and 9113 showed much higher resistance (>10 - 200 fold) compared with HN-1 RTMC/MT-2 and AZT-resistant HIV-1 strain.
Giant Cells ; HIV-1* ; Korea* ; Population Characteristics ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Zidovudine*

We have recently encountered a case of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome which was characterized by hemangioma, thrombocytopenia, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. The baby was delivered at 35 weeks gestation. A large hemangioma covered right forearm. He received interferon alfa-2a for 120 days after 20 day steroid treatment failure. Blood platelet count increased to acceptable range (>20,000/mm3) after 8weeks of interferon alfa-2alpha treatment and the size of hemangioma decreased.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ; Forearm ; Hemangioma ; Interferons* ; Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome* ; Platelet Count ; Pregnancy ; Thrombocytopenia ; Treatment Failure

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was aimed to disclose main affected organisms in patients with perforated appendicitis and to analyze correlations between culture-sensitivity test and infectious complication. METHODS: In 26 of 421 patients who had undergone appendectomy due to acute appendicitis from April 1996 to March 1999, we performed culture-sensitivity test. The clinical records of these patients were collected and reviewed about clinicopathological features and results of culture-sensitivity test, retrospectively. Culture material was collected in BBL transport media with cotton swab and cultured by MacConkey agar plate. The method of MIC by VITEK was used for sensitivity test. RESULTS: Cultured organisms were E. coli (18 cases), Pseudomonas (4), Enterobacter (2), Enterococcus (1), and Proteus (1). In sensitivity test, sensitive antibiotics against all cultured organism were amikacin, ceftriaxone, imipenem and cefotetan. But ampicillin, sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim and piperacillin were mostly resistant. Infectious complications occurred in 11 of 26 patients (42.3%) and consisted of 9 wound infection and 2 intraabdominal abscess. Especially, 13 of 18 cases in which E. coli were isolated, were resistant to ampicillin. And they had infectious complications statistically more than those who were not resistant to ampicillin (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli was a main organism in perforated appendicitis. In case of ampicillin-resistant E. coli, the patients were susceptible to infectious complication such as wound infection and intraabdominal abscess.
Abscess ; Agar ; Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Appendectomy ; Appendicitis* ; Cefotetan ; Ceftriaxone ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus ; Humans ; Imipenem ; Piperacillin ; Proteus ; Pseudomonas ; Retrospective Studies ; Wound Infection

Objective: To determine the malignancy risk of isolated macrocalcifications (a calcified nodule with complete posterioracoustic shadowing) detected on ultrasonography (US) and to evaluate the postoperative American Thyroid Association (ATA)risk stratification of malignant tumors manifesting as isolated macrocalcifications. Materials and Methods: A total of 3852 thyroid nodules (≥ 1 cm) of 3061 consecutive patients who had undergone biopsybetween January 2011 and June 2018 were included in this study. We assessed the prevalence, malignancy rate, and sizedistribution of isolated macrocalcifications and evaluated the histopathologic features and postoperative ATA risk stratificationof malignant tumors manifesting as isolated macrocalcifications. Results: Isolated macrocalcifications were found in 38 (1.2%) of the 3061 patients. Final diagnosis was established in 30(78.9%) nodules; seven malignant tumors were diagnosed as papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The malignancy rate of theisolated macrocalcifications was 23.3% in the 30 nodules with final diagnoses and 18.4% in all nodules. Among the sixsurgically-treated malignant tumors, five (83.3%) had an extrathyroidal extension (ETE) (minor ETE 1, gross ETE 4), and two(33.3%) had macroscopic lymph node metastasis. Four (66.7%) malignant tumors were categorized as high-risk tumors, one asan intermediate-risk tumor, and one as a low-risk tumor using the ATA risk stratification. Histopathologically, out of the sixmalignant tumors, ossifications were noted in four (66.7%) and predominant calcifications in two (33.3%). Conclusion The US pattern of isolated macrocalcifications (≥ 1 cm) showed an intermediate malignancy risk (at least 18.4%).All malignant tumors were PTCs, and most showed an aggressive behavior and a high or intermediate postoperative ATA risk.

OBJECTIVE: School bullying, the most prevalent type of school violence, is known to be related to various behavioral, emotional and social problems both in victims and perpetrators. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of school bullying and related psychopathology in a community sample of elementary school students. METHOD: Fourth to 6 th graders of two randomly selected classes in two elementary schools in Anyang City participated in a cross-sectional study. Study subjects completed Korean-Peer Nominating Inventory(K-PNI). Parents completed Korean-Child Behavior Checklist(K-CBCL), ADHD Rating Scale(ARS) and Conners Scales for parents, and teachers completed ARS and Conners Scales for teachers. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A Total of 532 students participated in this study. Prevalence of victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators were 48%, 45%, and 30% respectively. Extreme victims and perpetrators of school bullying ranged from 2.1-4.1%. Inattention-passivity in teachers' Conners Scale, social immaturity or aggression in K-CBCL were positively associated with victims and victim-perpetrators, and grade was negatively related to school bullying. Conduct problem in Conners Scale for teachers and emotional instability in K-CBCL, and male gender were positively associated with perpetrators. CONCLUSION: School bullying is very common in Korean children of elementary schools. Those who had experienced school bullying, either as victims or as perpetrators, had signifi-cantly more psychopathology than their counterparts. To clarify a causal relationship between psychopathology and school bullying, a longitudinal follow-up study is suggested.
Aggression ; Bullying* ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Psychopathology* ; Social Problems ; Violence ; Weights and Measures

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been widely performed as a gold standard in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. To avoid bile duct injury during operation, it is recommended that dissection should be kept close to the gallbladder despite the potential risk of long cystic duct stump. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome refers to a wide spectrum of conditions that often pose a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for surgeon. Cystic duct remnant may cause postcholecystectomy syndrome in the presence of stones. A case is presented in which a symptomatic gallbladder remnant with gallstone was removed successfully by laparoscopic technique. In the era of laparoscopic surgery, which favors a long cystic duct remnant, we should be aware of cystic duct remnant stones as a possible cause of post-cholecystectomy syndrome.
Bile Ducts ; Calculi* ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Cystic Duct* ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Postcholecystectomy Syndrome

Moraxella is an aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus, which is rarely associated with serious and invasive infections. Because of its rarity, the clinical significance and appropriate therapy for infections due to Moraxella are not well understood. We report a case of meningoencephalitis caused by Moraxella. The patient presented with fever and confusion and was successfully treated with beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. We also review 8 previously published cases of Moraxella meningitis or meningoencephalitis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Fever ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Meningoencephalitis ; Moraxella