The results regarding an association between the polymorphism sites in the dopamine D1 receptor gene and schizophrenia compelled us to study the distribution of the polymorphism in Korean schizophrenia and controls. Eighty-eight schizophrenic patients and normal controls were examined by case-control study for distribution of the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in Korean popualtion to minimize the effect of racial differencies in gene frequencies. The frequencies of the B1 and B2 in schizophrenic patients were 0.11 and 9.89, respectively. And 0.10 and 0.90 in normal control. There was no significant differences in the frequencies in the allele B1 and 2 between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. The author present here the evidence of a lack of alleic association between the polymorphism of the dopamine D1 receptor gene and Korean schizophrenic. The assumption that the dopamine D1 receptor gene has genetic role in the development of schizophrenia was not supported by this case-control study.
Alleles* ; Case-Control Studies ; Dopamine* ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Schizophrenia*

A review has been made of mortality trends in Korea from 1958 to 1907 analyzing the data by sex, age and cause of death. The crude death rates and age specific death rates were estimate6 by the model of N. Keyfitz life table which had teen developed by the data of the 1960's national census. The cause specific death rates shown in this article are based on the following: all deaths occurring in the death-registration are expressed as a numberator, while the denominator was estimated from the regular national census data by interpolation method. It is estimated that only an average of about 40% of deaths which occurred during a year were registered during 1958 to 1967. The validity and the reliability of the diagnosis of causes of death seem to be extremely poor in this country. Therefore the cause specific death rates in this article are aimed to reveal trends of causes of registered death and not for the actual level of death rates. For 10 years very interesting mortality trends were observed : 1. The trend in the crude death rates was downward slowly. 2. The estimated death rate for the infant in 1960 was still high up to 100 per 1,000. 3. The rates for mortality attributed to such infectious diseases as pneumonia, bronchitis, gastroenteritis and measles decreased an average 40-60%. 4. The death rates for over-all tuberculosis decreased only 9.8%. 50% of the decrease was contributed by those in the less-than-15 year age group. 5. The death rates for chronic diseases, such as vascular diseases affecting the central nervous system, malignant neoplasm, major heart diseases and all accidents rose about 40-60%. 6. The rank order of the 10 leading causes of death showed large changes over the years, except for pneumonia and tuberculosis which occupyed 1st and End places respectively. Vascular diseases affecting the central nervous system moved from 5th to 3rd place and malignant neoplasm from 6th to 4th palace. The major heart diseases moved from 10th to 6th place and all accidents from 10th to 7th place. On the other hand, gastroenteritis moved from 3rd to 5th place and influenza from 4th to 8th place.
Adolescent ; Bronchitis ; Cause of Death ; Censuses ; Central Nervous System ; Chronic Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Gastroenteritis ; Hand ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza, Human ; Korea* ; Life Tables ; Measles ; Mortality* ; Pneumonia ; Tuberculosis ; Vascular Diseases

No abstract available.
Vasculitis*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome*

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of amitriptyline in patients with urinary frequency or pelvic pain syndrome and compared with propiverine hydrochloride (BUP-4(R)) and diazepam (Valium(R)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred and sixty-eight patients with urinary frequency or pain were included and 38 out of 168 patients were lost to follow up. The patients with interstitial cystitis, UTI and neurogenic bladder were excluded. Amitriptyline group were instructed to take 25mg to 75mg of amitriptyline before bed. Propiverine hy drochloride and diazepam group were instructed to take 20mg, 4-6mg before bed, respectively. The clinical effects and side effects were evaluated after 4 weeks of medication. RESULTS: In the amitriptyline group, 73.1% in 78 patients with frequency, 68.3% in 60 pain, 65.6% in 32 nocturia, 53.8% in 26 weak urinary stream, 53.8% in 13 dysuria, 72.7% in 11 urgency showed symptom improvement. Urinary frequency and pain score were significantly decreased in the amitriptyline group. In the propiverine hydrochloride group, 66.7% in 21 patients with frequency, 38.8% in 18 pain showed symptom improvement. In the diazepam group, 37.5% in 24 patients with frequency, 31.3% in 16 pain showed symptom improvement. Side effects of amitriptyline had appeared in 24 (27.6%) out of 87 patients; 17 cases of dry mouth, 10 drowsiness, 2 agitation, 2 nausea, 1 constipation and 1 skin rash. CONCLUSIONS: Amitriptyline is useful in vague voiding symptoms especially in urinary frequency and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. It is equally effective in both men and women. Side effects are minimal and tolerable. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial is necessary for general acceptance in the future.
Amitriptyline* ; Constipation ; Cystitis, Interstitial ; Diazepam ; Dihydroergotamine ; Dysuria ; Exanthema ; Female ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Male ; Mouth ; Nausea ; Nocturia ; Pelvic Pain* ; Rivers ; Sleep Stages ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic

Tracheobronchial aspergillosis is an unusual form of invasive aspergillosis characterized by noninvasive or only superficially invasive tracheobronchitis with a propensity for dissemination. We report a two-year-old male who suddenly died of respiratory failure. Postmortem examination revealed a pseudomembrane covering the mucosa of larynx, trachea and bronchial tree of both lungs. This pseudomembrane was composed predominantly of Aspergillus hyphae. There was transmural necrotizing bronchitis with fungal invasion to the narrow zone of peribronchial tissue, and dissemination to the stomach and kidney. This form of pulmonary aspergillosis had not been reported in this country.
Aspergillosis* ; Aspergillus ; Autopsy* ; Bronchitis ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Kidney ; Larynx ; Lung ; Male ; Mucous Membrane ; Pulmonary Aspergillosis ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Stomach ; Trachea

A myocardial beidge is an anatomic arrangement in which an epicardial coronary artery becomes engulfed for a limited segment by mycardial fibers. Myocardial bridges are not uncommon finding at coronary angiography and are identified by the systolic narrowing of the affected artery, mainly the left anterior descending coronary artery. The significance of myocardial beidges is controversial. These are frequently found at autopsy, and have been associated with episodic angina, tachcardia-induced ischemia amd sudden death during strenuous exercise. It has been suggested that clinical mamifestations of myocardial ischemia could be the result of severe reductions in the myocardial blood flow during the systole caused by the mylcardial bridge. We report two cases of myocardial damage occuring in a previous asymptimatic patients, hacing myocardial beidge in a left anterior descending coronary artery. This report strengthens the view that myocaridal bridges may, on occasion, cause ischemis
Arteries ; Autopsy ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessels ; Death, Sudden ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Systole

The 5-HT2A receptor is of great interest for research into schizophrenia and psychopharmacology in light of the observation that schizophrenic patients has 5-HT cortical-subcortical imbalance and atypical antipsychotic clozpine has 5-HT2A antagonists properties. An significant association between schizophrenia and the T102C polymorphism of the gene for 5-HT2A receptor has been reported. In this study, we investigated an association between schizophrenia and the T102C polymorphism of the gene for 5-HT2A receptor in Korean schizophrenic patients. The subjects consisted of 139 schizophrenic patients and 88 normal controls. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR and digested with MsPI. The uncutt product identified allele 1(nucleotide sequence TCT) ; digested products of 216bp and 156bp identified allele 2(nucleotide sequence TCC). The allele frequencies and the genotypic distribution of 5-HT2A receptor gene were not significantly different between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Since allele frequencies of the T102C polymorphism may differ between individuals of different ethnic backgrounds, it needs to be conducted in an advanced research.
Alleles ; DNA ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Psychopharmacology ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A ; Schizophrenia* ; Serotonin ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists

No abstract available.
Anxiety Disorders* ; Anxiety*

The distal tibial physes begins its closure about 18 months prior to complete cessation of the tibial growth, closing first in its midportion, then medially, and finally, laterally. So the patterns of the ankle fracture during this period would be different from those of the adult or the children before this period. During the six year period from 1983 to 1988 at the department of orthopedic surgery, college of medi-cine, Hallym University, we found and analysed 54 adolescent patients with the ankle fracture which developed before the closure of the distal tibial growth plate, which were followed up more than 1 year. The results were as follows 1. During the 6 year period of this study, the adolescent ankle fracture comprise 4.4% (54 cases) of all the ankle fractures(1158 cases). Injury occurred more often in male than in female(44 versus 10). The mean age was 13.7 years. 2. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident being in 26 cases(48.1%), the next was slip down accident in 11 cases, and the third was sports activity in 10 cases. 3. The incidence of the adoescent ankle fractures using the Salter-Harris classification revealed 20 (37%) type II, 7 (13%) type III, 5 (9.3%) type IV, and 4 (7.4%) type I and that using the Dias and Tachdjian classification revealed 14 (25.9%) Supination-Inversion, 10 (18.5%) Supination-External rotation, 7 (12.7%) Pronation-Eversion-External rotation, and 1 (1.9%) no adjustable fracture. There were 9 (16.7%) Tillaux and 9 (16.7%) triplane fractures, which were belonged to both classifications 4. The treatments performed were closed reduction and cast immobilization for 28 cases (51.9 %), open reduction and internal fixation for 20 cases (37%), and closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for 6 cases. 5. There were complications experienced in 9 cases, which were 3 premature epiphyseal closure, 3 joint surface incongruity, 2 angular deformity, and 1 leg shortening. 6. For the prevention of the complication, the treatment of the adolecsent ankle fracture should be treated like as adult fracture.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Fractures ; Ankle ; Child ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Incidence ; Joints ; Leg ; Male ; Orthopedics ; Sports