No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Erotica* ; Humans

No abstract available.

Child abuse and neglect are also becoming a serious threat to the health of children in Korea. Physicians are in a unique position to detect the injuries and behavioral problems resulting from child abuse or neglect. Physicians and other professionals providing services to children are required by Child Welfare Law to report suspected incidents of child abuse or neglect. Every Province now has a Child Abuse Hotline to make a report by telephone ; the hotline in Korea in area code+1361 (toll free). It is crucial that physicians define their role and develop the appropriate clinical skills to manage child abuse or neglect effectively. The role of physician in the prevention and treatment of child abuse or neglect traditionally has been one of detection, medical diagnosis, and treatment or referral. However, the role can be greatly expanded. They may serve on hospital child protection teams, provide medical services to private service agencies, participate in community multidisciplinary review boards and advisory boards of voluntary agencies, or testify as an expert witness. This article defines the emerging role of physicians in prevention and treatment of child abuse. It reflects the strategic agenda of the Korean Medical Association for promotion of optimal child health and development.
Child ; Child Abuse* ; Child Health ; Child Welfare ; Child* ; Clinical Competence ; Diagnosis ; Expert Testimony ; Hotlines ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Physician's Role* ; Problem Behavior ; Referral and Consultation ; Telephone

Dementia as a public health problem looms as an epidemic of the 21st century. The aging population places an increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia. It is predicted that the proportion of the population over 65 years will exceed 14% by 2022 in Korea. This paper aims at summarizing epidemiologic characteristics of dementia in the general population in Korea, which are essential to develop a preventive strategy to this dreadful disease. The prevalence of dementia has been estimated in several studies in Korea and was found to be around 9.5 to 13.0% among individuals aged 65 years and over, which appears a little higher than those reported in other countries. According to the etiologic subtypes, more than half of the cases are reported to be Alzheimer's disease (AD) in most studies, especially in studies conducted in rural areas. These results are similar to those reported in the western countries, with AD being more common. In Asia, it was expected that vascular dementia would be much more common than AD due to the high prevalence of cerebrovascular accidents. Women have a much higher prevalence rate than men in all studies, presumably due to the higher prevalence of AD among the oldest aged 80 and over. These phenomena may be related with the high rate of illiteracy and low level of education among women in this country. Further epidemiologic studies on the subtype and risk factors of dementia are necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy for prevention of this disease in Korea.
Aging ; Alzheimer Disease ; Asia ; Dementia* ; Dementia, Vascular ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Literacy ; Male ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Stroke

No abstract available.
Addison Disease*

Hydrocephalus is a common malformation of the central nervous system and its cause may be either congenital or acquired. The imbalance between CSF formation and absorption, obstruction of CSF pathways, impaired venous absorption, and over secretion of CSF results in excessive accumulation of the fluid in the ventricles, leading to hydrocephalus. Although ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is regarded as the main and definitive therapy for rapidly progressive hydrocephalus, shunts in newborns have a high failure rate and thus there have been a search for alternative non-invasive techniques. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhy- drase inhibitor, which acts by reducing production of CSF in the choroid plexus. Admini- stration of acetazolamide will decrease the rate of CSF production, preventing progressive ventricular enlargement. We experienced three cases of neonatal hydrocephalus successfully treated by long-term administration of acetazolamide. Brief review and related literatures were also presented.
Absorption ; Acetazolamide* ; Carbon ; Central Nervous System ; Choroid Plexus ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus* ; Infant, Newborn ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

No abstract available.
Thumb* ; Toes*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphologic characteristics and anatomical variation of the foramen ovale(FO) and its relationship with adjacent foramina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 305 HRCT studies of the temporal bone in patients without having any disease that might alter the foraminal anatomy. This study focused on the variations in presence, shape, size, location and relationship with each other. RESULTS: The shapes of FO were 6 types(ovoid :75.2%, pyriform, elongated, round, polygonal and figure of 8). The average size was 7.4mm 1.3 in long diameter and 4.3mm 0.9 in short diameter. The position of the posterior margin of FO in respective to the line connecting the both mandibular fossa of temporal bone was various(on the line:62.3%, anterior:30.2%, posterior:7.5%). FO had communication with the foramen spinosum (FS) in 4.1% and with the foramen vesalius(FV) in 1.9%. FV was present in 47.5%(bilateral: 26.2%, right:10.2%, left:11.1%). The shapes were round or ovoid. The distance from the midline was 18.9mm 1.7. No data showed statistically significant differences between right and left. There was no inverse relationship between the presence of FV and the size of FO. Three continuous sections in one patient showed variations in the formation of foramen ovale and foramen spinosum ;one pyriform shaped foramen ovale and one foramen spinosum on the lower section, one round shaped foramen ovale and two foramen spinosum on the midsection, assimilation of two foramen spinosum into one elongated foramen spinosum on the upper section. The canaliculus innominatus was observed in 9%. CONCLUSION: Skull base foramina of the middle cranial fossa have various shape, size, location, presence and relationship with each other. It is important to recognize foraminal varients not to misinterprete as disease.
Cranial Fossa, Middle ; Foramen Ovale* ; Humans ; Skull Base* ; Skull* ; Temporal Bone

No abstract available.
Temporomandibular Joint*

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning enhances the tolerance of myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury, with the enhancement of the recovery of post-ischemic myocardial function. This study was disigned to assess whether the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning could provide one additional hour of myocardial preservation in four hour myocardial ischemia in a rate heart. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fourty four Spargue-Dawley rats, weighing 300-450gm, were divided into four groups. Group 1(n=7) and group 3 (n=12) were subjected to 30 minutes of aerobic Langendorff perfusion without ischemic preconditioning and then preserved in saline solution at 2-4 degree C for 4 hours and 5 respectively. Group 2 (n=7) and group 4 (n=18) were perfused in the same way for 20 minutes, followed by 3 minutes of global mormothermic ischemia and 10 minutes of perfusion and then preserved in the same cold saline solution for 4 hours and 5 hours respectively. Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and coronary flow were measured at 15 minutes during perfusion as baseline. Spontaneous defibrillation time was measured after reperfusion. Heart rate, LVDP, and coronary flow were also recorded at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes during reperfusion. Samples of the apical left ventricular wall were studied using a transmission electron microscope. Time of spontaneous defibrillation (TSD) was significantly longer in group 4 than in group 1 (p<0.001), and TSD in group 1 was significantly longer in comparision to that of group 2 (p<0.05). Heart rate at 45 minutes was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 4 (p<0.05). Heart rate at 15 min was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1(p<0.001) and in group 4 than in group 3 (p<0.05). Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) at 30 minutes and 45 minutes was higher in group 1 than in group 4 (p<0.01), LVDP at 45 minutes was higher in group 4 than in group 3 (p<0.05). Rate-pressure product (RPP) at 30 minutes and 45 minutes was higher in group 1 than in group 4 (p<0.05). RPP at 15 minutes was higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p<0.01). RPP at 30 minutes and 45 minutes was higher in group 4 than in group 3 (p<0.05). Group 2 showed relatively less sarcoplasmic edema and less nuclear chromatin clearance than group 1. Group 4 showed less myocardial cell damage than group 3, group 4 showed less myocardial cell damage than group 3, group 4 showed more myocardial cell edema than group 1. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning enhanced the recovery of postischemic myocardial function after 4 hours and 5 hours preservation. However, it was not demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning could definitely provide one additional hour of myocardial preservation in four hour myocardial ischemia in a rat heart.
Animals ; Chromatin ; Edema ; Heart Rate ; Heart* ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning* ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocardium ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Sodium Chloride