PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore ways to define the concept of health inequality. METHODS: The concept analysis process by Walker and Avant was used to clarify the meaning of health inequality. RESULTS: Defining attributes of health inequality included differences in health status between individuals or groups, infringement of fundamental rights to health, unfair use of medical services, and social discrimination. The antecedents of health inequality included differences in demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, residential location), limitations in accessibility to health care, and social exclusion. Consequences of health inequality were increased costs for medical care, decreased health-related quality of life, and lack of ability to cope with health problems resulting in crisis situations, increases in morbidity and mortality, and shortening of life span. The concept was clarified through presentation of model, borderline, related, and contrary cases. CONCLUSION: Results of this study can be used to guide the direction of future studies through concept analysis in which conceptual attributes in the context of health inequality are examined. Also, based on the result of this study, development of standardized tools to measure health inequality is recommended as well as development of educational programs to reduce health inequalities.
Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Human Rights ; Mortality ; Occupations ; Quality of Life ; Social Discrimination ; Socioeconomic Factors*

PURPOSE: We conducted randomized study to determine whether high doses (6mg/kg/ day) of iron would exert a more supplemental effect than low doses (3mg/kg/day), and which regimen of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and iron would be more beneficial in the prophylactic treatment of anemia of prematurity. METHODS: We randomly assigned 38 sick premature infants who were more likely than symptom-free premature infants requiring erythrocyte transfusions for infants with anemia of prematurity to receive rHuEPO, 100unit/kg, tiw, subcutaneously, plus iron, 3mg/kg/day, po, daily from the second day of life (group 1), 100unit/kg and 6mg/kg/ day (group 2), 200unit/kg and 3mg/kg/day (group 3), and 200unit/kg and 6mg/kg/day (group 4), respectively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of hemoglobin levels and iron balances during treatment among all 4 groups. The rates of increase in reticulocyte counts were greater in group 4 and group 2 compared with group 3 and group 1, respectively, though these rates were statistically not significant. The blood volume differences (volume of phlebotomies-volume of transfusions) during treatment were higher in group 4 compared with group 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High doses of iron may be more effective in rapidly increasing reticulocyte counts, and 200unit/kg, tiw of rHuEPO plus 6mg/kg/day of iron is more beneficial in reducing the need for blood transfusions than any other regimen. Therefore the prophylactic treatment of anemia of prematurity and acute blood loss from frequent blood sampling in risky premature infants with rHuEPO, 200unit/kg, tiw, subcutaneously, plus iron 6mg/kg/day, po, daily from the second day of life is effective in reducing the number of blood transfusions. Additional controlled trials utilizing high doses of iron with rHuEPO and larger numbers of patients are justified.
Anemia* ; Blood Transfusion ; Blood Volume ; Erythrocyte Transfusion ; Erythropoietin* ; Humans* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Iron* ; Reticulocyte Count

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the effects of immune cell activation and the antitumor effect for the combination of treatment with X-irradiation and Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim Root (ESMR) on mouse tumor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ESMR (250g) was extracted with 80% methanol, concentrated under decompression and lyophilized. To determine whether ESMR is able to activate the immune cells or not, the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and the number of B cells and T cells in splenic lymphocytes in ESMR-pretreated mice were evaluated. X-irradiation was given to the mouse fibrosarcoma tumor cells (FSa II) by 250 kv X-irradiation machine. The cytotoxicity of ESMR was evaluated from its ability to reduce the clonogenecity of FSa II cells. In X-irradiation alone group, each 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy was given to FSa II cells. In X-irradiation with ESMR group, 0.2 mg/ml of ESMR was exposed to FSa II cells for 1 hour before X-irradiation. RESULTS: The proliferation of cultured mouse splenocytes and thymocytes were enhanced by the addition of ESMR in vitro. The number of B cells and T cells in mouse splenic lymphocytes was significantly increased in ESMR pretreated mice in vivo. In FSa II cells that received a combination of 0.2 mg/ml of ESMR with X-irradiation exposure, the survival fraction with a dose of 2, 4 and 6 Gy was 0.39+/-0.005, 0.22+/-0.005 and 0.06+/-0.007, respectively. For FSa II cells treated with X-irradiation alone, the survival fraction with a dose of 2, 4 and 6 Gy was 0.76+/-0.02, 0.47+/-0.008 and 0.37+/-0.01. The difference in the survival fraction of the mouse FSa II cells treated with and without ESMR was statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatment with ESMR increased cell viability of mouse splenocytes in vitro and especially the subpopulation of B cells and T cells in splenocytes in ESMR-pretreated mice. However, treatment with ESMR did not increase the level of Th and Tc subpopulations in the thymocytes. Treatment with the combination of ESMR and X-irradiation was more cytotoxic to mouse tumor cells than treatment with X-irradiation alone; this finding was statistically significant.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cell Survival ; Decompression ; Eleutherococcus* ; Fibrosarcoma ; Lymphocytes ; Methanol ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes ; Thymocytes

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the cancer stem cell-vascular niche complex in human retinoblastoma tissue. METHODS: Six human retinoblastoma specimens primarily enucleated for Reese-Ellsworth classification stage 5a were stained to detect cancer stem cell markers, including ABCG2 for the stem cell marker and MCM2 for the neural stem cell marker, as well as to detect VEGF for the angiogenic cytokine. Using immunofluorescence, the expression of these proteins was analyzed, and their relative locations noted. RESULTS: In non-neoplastic retina of tumor-bearing eyes, ABCG2 and MCM2 were sporadically expressed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer, whereas VEGF was sporadically expressed in inner retina where retinal vessels are abundantly distributed. In the tumor, ABCG2 was strongly expressed out of Wintersteiner rosettes, whereas MCM2 and VEGF were strongly stained in the rosettes. Interestingly, the outer portion of the rosettes was positive for MCM2, and the inner portion of the rosettes was positive for VEGF. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that MCM2 and VEGF are strongly expressed in the rosettes of the tumor, which were far from the area of ABCG2-positive cells. Although VEGF might not directly contribute to the cancer stem cell-vascular niche complex, it could play some role in the differentiation of tumor cells to build up the rosettes.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism ; Biological Markers/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Retina/metabolism ; Retinal Neoplasms/*metabolism ; Retinoblastoma/*metabolism ; Stem Cells/*metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*metabolism

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The inflammatory bowel disease disability index (IBD-DI) was recently developed for IBD to assess the functional consequences and disease burden. We applied the IBD-DI to a Korean population and identified predictive factors influencing IBD-related disability. METHODS: Between March and August 2015, 322 consecutive patients with IBD were prospectively recruited. Patients completed the IBD-DI questionnaire and Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Questionnaire (CUCQ-8) for assessing quality of life. We examined the relationships between IBD-DI and disease activity or quality of life and analyzed predictive factors in Korean IBD patients. RESULTS: Enrolled patients completed both questionnaires. Total IBD-DI was correlated with CUCQ-8 scores in both ulcerative colitis (r=0.636, p<0.001) and Crohn’s disease (r=0.711, p<0.001). Total IBD-DI was also correlated with disease activity in both ulcerative colitis (r= −0.224, p=0.003) and Crohn’s disease (r= −0.307, p<0.001). Better drug compliance was associated with lower disability (p=0.001) and higher quality of life (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Disability from IBD was correlated with disease activity and poor quality of life. Better drug compliance was associated with lower disability and higher quality of life. Our findings indicate that physicians should emphasize the importance of medication compliance for IBD patients.
Colitis, Ulcerative ; Compliance* ; Crohn Disease ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases* ; Medication Adherence ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life*

Multiple myeloma can usually be identified by non-traumatic vertebral fracture or signs of recurrent infection. Without these clinical signs, detection is unlikely. We briefly report a case of extraosseous multiple myeloma presenting as repeated intracranial bleeding and relapsing high fever. In doing so, we highlight the importance of subtle changes in laboratory findings. A 67-year-old man presented with spontaneous acute epidural hematoma, and hematoma evacuation was performed at the same site 3 times. A radiologic work-up failed to reveal any osseous lesions and he made a gradual recovery. In the meantime, he suffered unexplained fever up to 39oC despite normal chest and abdominal radiograms. Blood chemistry showed mild leukocytosis, high ESR and CRP, and a slightly elevated globulin. On his 15th hospital day, immunoglobulin studies confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. He was treated in the ICU for difficult breathing and uncontrolled fever. In spite of intensive critical care, his leukocyte count fell to below 2,000 and he died on postoperative day 28. Apparently normal laboratory and radiologic findings can hamper swift discovery and ultimate management of multiple myeloma. When there is unexplained repeated intracranial bleeding and accompanying fever, the possibility of hidden malignancy should be assessed to avoid delaying or missing treatment.
Aged ; Critical Care ; Fever ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytosis ; Multiple Myeloma ; Respiration ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Thorax

No abstract available.
Duane Retraction Syndrome* ; Facial Paralysis ; Mobius Syndrome*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination adoption stages using the Precaution Adoption Process model. METHODS: A total of 173 female university students from B metropolitan city participated. Demographics, factors contributing to action, knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy related to the HPV vaccination were measured. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS for Windows version 21.0. RESULTS: Factors that contributed to the transition from the unaware and unengaged stages to the undecided about action stage included age, economic status, experience of recommendation from doctors, perceived severity of cervical cancer, and perceived barriers. Factors that contributed to the transition from the undecided about action stage to the deciding to act stage were perceived benefit and self-efficacy of the HPV vaccination. Factors that contributed to the transition from the deciding to act stage to the acting and maintenance stages were experience of recommendation from doctors and perceived severity of cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that aggressive HPV vaccination campaigns increase awareness. Further studies should develop tailored strategies for promoting HPV vaccination that emphasize health beliefs and self-efficacy.
Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination*

PURPOSE: We performed this study to evaluate the clinical characteristics, including risk factors and etiologic subtypes, of ischemic stroke in young adults. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two patients with acute ischemic stroke and between 15 and 44 years of age who visited the Emergency Department of Samsung Medical Center from January 1999 to December 2003 were included. We retrospectively reviewed their medical records and the result of brain CT, brain MRI/MRA, transcranial doppler sonography, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and laboratory studies for coagulopathy, autoimmune disease, and vasculitis according to the Young-age Stroke Protocol of Samsung Medical Center. Stroke subtypes were classified based on the TOAST criteria. RESULTS: In this study, men (77.3%) significantly outnumbered women. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, habitual alcohol ingestion, hyperlipidemia, and DM was significantly higher in men than women. Stroke subtypes were large-artery thrombosis 26.5%, small-artery occlusive disease 20.5%, cardioembolism 17.4%, other determined etiologies 12.7%, and undetermined causes 22.7%. Among the 17 patients with other determined etiologies, arterial dissection (9 patients) was most common. Our Young-age Stroke Protocol identified a clinically significant result in only one patient. CONCLUSION: Smoking and alcohol ingestion were the most important risk factors. The proportion of large-artery thrombosis and small-artery occlusion was relatively high compared to previous western studies. Arterial dissection was the most common cause in other determined etiologies. The current Young-age Stroke Protocol has limited value for stroke in young Korean adults.
Adult ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Brain ; Eating ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Male ; Medical Records ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke* ; Thrombosis ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ; Vasculitis ; Young Adult*

We evaluated long-term results of De Vega annuloplasty measured by cylindrical sizers for functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) and analyzed the impact of measured annular size on the late recurrence of tricuspid valve regurgitation. Between 2001 and 2011, 177 patients (57.9+/-10.5 yr) underwent De Vega annuloplasty for FTR. Three cylindrical sizers (actual diameters of 29.5, 31.5, and 33.5 mm) were used to reproducibly reduce the tricuspid annulus. Long-term outcomes were evaluated and risk factor analyses for the recurrence of FTR > or =3+ were performed. Measured annular diameter indexed by patient's body surface area was included in the analyses as a possible risk factor. Operative mortality occurred in 8 patients (4.5%). Ten-year overall and cardiac death-free survivals were 80.5% and 90.8%, respectively. Five and 10-yr freedom rates from recurrent FTR were 96.5% and 93.1%, respectively. Cox proportional hazard model revealed that higher indexed annular size was the only risk factor for the recurrence of FTR (P=0.006). A minimal P value approach demonstrated that indexed annular diameter of 22.5 mm/m2 was a cut-off value predicting the recurrence of FTR. De Vega annuloplasty for FTR results in low rates of recurrent FTR in the long-term. Tricuspid annulus should be reduced appropriately considering patients' body size to prevent recurrent FTR.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Body Surface Area ; Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty ; Disease-Free Survival ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Tricuspid Valve/*physiopathology ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/etiology/mortality/*surgery