No abstract available.
Child* ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Poisoning*

No abstract available.
Endometriosis* ; Female

Precise and accurate measuring of tooth size is essential procedure in orthodontic diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of tooth size measurements with regard to tooth and investigator. Five investigators measured the size of one side of teeth, from central incisor to first molar, on 20 sets of casts that show a moderate degree of crowding. Mesio-distal width was measured with digital vernier calipers in each tooth and this procedure was repeated three times at two weeks interval. To obtain a standard measurement for each tooth, dental casts were cut into individual tooth, and its width was measured with micrometer. The difference between the measurement from dental cast and the standard measurement was defined as the measurement error. Through various statistical analyses, following results were obtained. 1. The reproducibility did not show significant differences with regard to tooth or investigator. 2. The measurement error showed some difference with regard to tooth and investigator. 3. The magnitude of the measurement error showed increasing tendency from anterior to posterior teeth with maximum value in the first molar. 4. While the measurements obtained on study casts generally showed smaller number compared to standard measurements, the direction of the difference showed variability according to tooth or investigator. 5. The measurement errors did not show significant correlations with the degree of crowding. The results of the present study indicate that the possibility of tooth size measurement error should be taken into consideration when diagnosing an orthodontic case.
Crowding ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incisor ; Molar ; Research Personnel ; Tooth*

BACKGROUND: We assessed the association of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) with hospitalization for heart failure (HF) using the Korean Health Insurance claims database. METHODS: We collected data on newly prescribed sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and pioglitazone between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 (mean follow-up of 336.8 days) to 935,519 patients with diabetes (518,614 males and 416,905 females) aged 40 to 79 years (mean age of 59.4 years). RESULTS: During the study, 998 patients were hospitalized for primary HF (115.7 per 100,000 patient-years). The incidence rate of hospitalization for HF was 117.7 per 100,000 per patient-years among patients on pioglitazone, 105.7 for sitagliptin, and 135.8 for vildagliptin. The hospitalization rate for HF was greatest in the first 30 days after starting the medication, which corresponded to a significantly higher incidence at days 0 to 30 compared with days 31 to 360 for all three drugs. The hazard ratios were 1.85 (pioglitazone), 2.00 (sitagliptin), and 1.79 (vildagliptin). The incidence of hospitalization for HF did not differ between the drugs for any time period. CONCLUSION: This study showed an increase in hospitalization for HF in the initial 30 days of the DPP4i and pioglitazone compared with the subsequent follow-up period. However, the differences between the drugs were not significant.
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Failure* ; Hospitalization* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance, Health* ; Male ; Sitagliptin Phosphate

No abstract available.
Heart Failure* ; Heart* ; Hospitalization* ; Insurance, Health*

PURPOSE: We investigated the efficacy of ketoconazole and estramustine before chemotherapy for treating patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients who were diagnosed with CRPC and were treated between 2005 and 2009 were included. Thirty-nine patients were treated with 600 mg of ketoconazole and 10 mg of prednisolone per day (group I), and 45 patients were treated with 560 mg of estramustine per day (group II). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, progression-free survival, and side effects were compared. RESULTS: The median age of the patients, PSA level, and follow-up period were 72 years, 48.5 ng/ml, and 4 months (range, 1 to 29 months), respectively. The overall PSA response rate was 35.7%, and the PSA response rates were 33.3% for group I and 37.8% for group II (p=0.672). The median progression-free survival times were 8 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9-10.1) overall, 5 months (95% CI 1.6-8.3) in group I, and 8 months (95% CI 5.9-10.0) in group II (p=0.282). The most common complications in groups I and II were nausea and vomiting (51.3%) and anemia (77.8%), respectively. Nausea and vomiting and hepatotoxicity were observed more often in group I, and gynecomastia, neutropenia, and anemia were observed more often in group II. The toxicities of each adverse effect were < or =grade 2. CONCLUSIONS: With a resultant PSA decline and mild adverse effects, both ketoconazole and estramustine are worth consideration as treatment options for progressive CRPC patients after primary hormonal therapy.
Anemia ; Disease-Free Survival ; Estramustine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Ketoconazole ; Male ; Nausea ; Neutropenia ; Prednisolone ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: The prognosis after an aortic valve replacment can be affected significantly by the transprosthetic pressure gradient which is determined mainly by the size of the patients body and the prosthesis used. We analyzed the hemodynamic feature of two relatively new prosthese the ATS and the evensized Medtronic-Hall(M-H) valves by measuring the transprosthetic pressure gradient in the cases where small sizes (23mm or smaller) were used. MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 94 patients who received whom aortic valve replacement with prosthesis smaller than 23 mm from October 1994 to June 1998. In these patients the transprosthetic pressure gradient clalculated from the pressure half time during postoperative Dopper echocardiographic examination was compared between the prostheses of different sizes. The body surface area of each patient was also taken into consideration. RESULT: The mean pressure gradient and body surface area in each group were 21.7+/-10.2 mmHg and 1.52+/-0.14m2 in ATS 19mm 11.4+/-6.5 mmHg and 1,57+/-0.20m2 in M-H 20mm 15.2+/-6.3 mmHg and 1.54+/-0.13m2 in ATS 21mm 9.3+/-2.5 mmHg and 1.63 +/-0.14m2 in M-H 22 mm and 12.9+/-5.3 mmHg and 1.69+/-0.13m2 in ATS 23mm. CONCLUSIONS: The 19mm ATS prosthesis showed significant trasprosthetic pressure gradient which is similar to the values previously reported with other bileaflet prosthesesm Close follow-up was needed in terms of exercise capacity and change in left ventiricular geometry. In patients with small aortic valve annulus the 20mm M-H valve is recomendable as an alternative to 19mm bileaflet valves because it has less pressure gradient with similar outer diameter.
Aortic Valve* ; Body Surface Area ; Echocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Prostheses and Implants*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Energy production and the rebuilding and repair of muscle tissue by physical activity require folate and vitamin B12 as a cofactor. Thus, this study investigated the effects of regular moderate exercise training and durations of acute aerobic exercise on plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in moderate exercise trained rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Fifty rats underwent non-exercise training (NT, n = 25) and regular exercise training (ET, n = 25) for 5 weeks. The ET group performed moderate exercise on a treadmill for 30 min/day, 5 days/week. At the end of week 5, each group was subdivided into 4 groups: non-exercise and 3 exercise groups. The non-exercise group (E0) was sacrificed without exercising and the 3 exercise groups were sacrificed immediately after exercising on a treadmill for 0.5 h (E0.5), 1 h (E1), and 2 h (E2). Blood samples were collected and plasma folate and vitamin B12 were analyzed. RESULTS: After exercise training, plasma folate level was significantly lower and vitamin B12 concentration was significantly higher in the ET group compared with the NT group (P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed between plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. In both the NT and ET groups, plasma folate and vitamin B12 were not significantly changed by increasing duration of aerobic exercise. Plasma folate concentration of E0.5 was significantly lower in the ET group compared with that in the NT group. Significantly higher vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in the E0 and E0.5 groups of the ET group compared to those of the NT group. CONCLUSION: Regular moderate exercise training decreased plasma folate and increased plasma vitamin B12 levels. However, no significant changes in plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were observed by increasing duration of acute aerobic exercise.
Animals ; Exercise ; Folic Acid* ; Motor Activity ; Plasma* ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Vitamin B 12* ; Vitamins*

Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube is a rare malignancy of the female genital tract and infrequently diagnosed before an operation. The majority of patients have extensive disease at the time of diagnosis. We have experienced incidentally a case of a carcinoma of the fallopian tube coexisting with a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 25-year-old woman. We report this case with a brief review of literatures.
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology* ; Adult ; Case Report ; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms/pathology* ; Female ; Human ; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/pathology* ; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology* ; Teratoma/pathology*

Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), a key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, is expressed in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its expression is upregulated in stress-related disorders. We investigated here the effect of noxious colorectal distension (CRD) on the expression of CRF in the CeA of conscious and unconscious rats. Adult male rats with or without general anesthesia were exposed to visceral pain induced by CRD for 5 min; this procedure was repeated 3 times with 1 min resting after each distension. The rats were sacrificed and sections of the CeA were immunostained for CRF as an indicator for anxiety response, and for phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) as a marker for pain-specific activation of neurons; sections of lumbosacral spinal cord were immunostained for c-Fos as a marker for activation of spinal neurons. CRD elicited a significant increase in the expression of CRF and p-ERK in the CeA and of c-Fos in the spinal cord. General anesthesia attenuated the increase in CRF and p-ERK in the CeA, but did not affect the expression of spinal c-Fos. These results suggest that conscious recognition of pain at higher brain centers is an important determinant of CRF expression in the CeA.
Amygdala/*metabolism/pathology ; *Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Colon ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Neurons/metabolism ; Pain/prevention & control ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rectum