The ectomycorrhizal roots were collected from the soils around the bases of basidiocarps of the four edible mushrooms in the stands of Pinus densiflora or Querus acutissima communities (Mt. Wol-Ak in Eastern Chung-Puk): The basidiocarps of Tricholoma matsutake (TM), Sarcodon asparatus (SA), S. imbricatum (SI), and Polyozellus multiplex (PM) are usually collected. The ectomycorrhizal roots of TM, PM and SI were related to the roots of P. densiflora, but the other to the roots of Q. acutissima in Korea. Particularly, the basidiocarps of PM were collected in the mixed stand of both P. densiflora and Q. acutissima. The morphologies of the ectomycorrhizal roots were observed to be the yellowish brown coral (dichromatous) or pyramid types in the roots of the pine, but dark brown un-branched sticks (roots) in the ends of ectomycorrhizal roots of Querus plants. The un-branched roots were covered with the dark mycelia (rhizomorph) around them. Therefore, the ectomyorrhizal roots of PM were observed to have two kinds of types; The single blackish un-branched roots were observed to be attached to the yellowish coral type roots. The bundles of TM mycelia were filled with cortical cells (in the roots of P. densiflora), but the mycelia of the other fungi (Aphylloporales) were massed between the cortical cells of P. densiflora or Q. acutissima. Their anatomical and gross features were considered to be simailar but very important in the ectomycorrhizal roots for these edible mushrooms.
Agaricales ; Anthozoa ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal* ; Fungi ; Korea ; Mycorrhizae ; Pinus ; Soil ; Tricholoma

No abstract available.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders*

Using Water's-X-350 ear oximeter, arterial oxygen saturation was measured during the entire course of general anesthesia with particular reference to endotracheal intubation, extubation and suction in 17 patients, who were grouped into six according to the method of oxygenation. In all patients anesthesia was induced with mtravenous thiopental and subsequent endotracheal intubation was performed with the aid of intravenous succinylcholine. Arterial oxygen saturation was also measured following breath-holding in conscious subjects. The results are as follows: (1) In all patients who were not ventilated with oxygen either prior to or during anesthetic induction, sharp decrease in arterial oxygen saturation was observed during induction of anesthesia and particularly following endotracheal intubation. 2) No significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation was noted in patients, who were not ventilated with oxygen prior to but during anesthetic induction, either during induction of anesthesia or following endotracheal intubation. (3) In the aboves preanesthetic deep breathing did not considerably improve the arterial oxygenation during anesthesia. (4) In cases for whom preanesthetic denitrogenation had been performed with highf low oxygen but no oxygen was administered during anesthetic induction, there occurred no significant decrease in arterial oxygen saturation not only during induction of anesthesia but also after endotracheal intubation. The authors believe that this anesthetic technique the most recommendable one for the patient with full stomach. (5) In normally oxygenated states, suctioning did not cause any significant fall in arterial oxygen saturation. (6) In view of the likelihood of laryngospasm in conjunction with endotracheal extubation, the authors recommend to perform tracheobroncheal toilet only under normal oxygenation to avoid and minimize hypoxia.
Airway Extubation ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anoxia ; Ear ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Laryngismus ; Oxygen* ; Respiration ; Stomach ; Succinylcholine ; Suction* ; Thiopental

BACKGROUND: Differences between sexes in sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli and response to analgesics have been noted in humans and animals. Male rats are more sensitive than female rats to the antinociceptive properties of morphine. Kappa-opioid analgesia is greater in women than in men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference between the sexes in postoperative analgesic responses to patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with butorphanol or fentanyl in 0.05% bupivacaine solution. METHODS: After obtaining their consents, 30 men and 30 women, less than 60 years old, undergoing elective gastrectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into four groups of 15; butorphanol-female, butorphanol-male, fentanyl-female and fentanyl-male. An epidural catheter was introduced at the T7-8 or T8-9 interspinous space before the operation. Postoperative analgesia was provided with PCEA with butorphanol 50 microgram/ml or fentanyl 5 microgram/ml in a 0.05% bupivacaine solution. When patients first required analgesics after complete recovery of consciousness from anesthesia, a bolus of 5 ml was initially administered. The PCEA device was set to deliver a bolus of 2 ml, a lockout interval of 10 min and no basal infusion. PCEA consumption, pain intensity using a 10-cm visual analog score (VAS), patient's satisfaction to PCEA and side effects were evaluated at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after the surgery. RESULTS: Cumulative PCEA consumption with butorphanol was less in the butorphanol-female group than in the butorphanol-male group at 24 and 48 h postoperatively. VAS pain scores and patients' satisfaction to PCEA were not different between the butorphanol-female group and the butorphanol-male group. Cumulative PCEA consumption with fentanyl was less in the fentanyl-male group than in the fentanyl-female group at 6, 24 and 48 h postoperatively. VAS pain scores and patients' satisfaction to PCEA were not different between the fentanyl-female group and the fentanyl-male group. There was no differece in side effects in both butorphanol groups and in both fentanyl groups. CONCLUSION: For postoperative analgesia with PCEA, butorphanol may be better for females than males, and fentanyl may be better in males than in females.
Analgesia ; Analgesia, Epidural* ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Bupivacaine ; Butorphanol* ; Catheters ; Consciousness ; Female ; Fentanyl* ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Morphine ; Rats

To investigate the presence of apparent accommodation in monocular pseudopakic eyes and contact lens wearing monocular aphakic eyes, we measured it in 54 monocular pseudophakic eyes (54 patients) and 40 contact lens wearing monocular aphakic eyes (40 patients). The mean apparent accommodation was 1.68+/-1.25 diopters in monocular pseudophakic eyes and 1.74+/-0.73 diopters in contact lens wearing monocular aphakic eyes, and there was no statistically significant difference between them. Apparent accommodation was not related either to type of intraocular lenses or pupil size in pseudophakic eyes and not related to target size in aphakic eyes, but it was influenced by pupil size in aphakic eyes. In the group of patients aged between 45 and 55, accommodation in phakic eyes was significantly greater than apparent accommodation in contralateral contact lens wearing monocular aphakic eyes.
*Accommodation, Ocular ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aphakia, Postcataract/*physiopathology ; Child ; *Contact Lenses ; Humans ; Middle Aged

The mycelia were directly isolated from eight species of fungal basidiocarps, confirmed to the ectomycorrhiza in the roots from the fields (forestry); Suillus bovinus, Paxillus involutus, Lactarius hysginus, Russula fragilis, Lepista nuda, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma matsutake, and Russula integra. The mycelia were pure-cultured with several transferring in various agars, and inoculated to the roots of pine (Pinus densiflora) seedling by in vitro method. After ten months growth under artificially aseptic conditions, all pine seedlings inoculated were stimulated at the growth-height, whereas those not inoculated were nearly dead. Also, the ramifications of ectomycorrhizal pine roots formed in the synthetic in vitro systems and were various according to the different mycelia. Synthesis of ectomycorrhiza were clearly confirmed in ten months growth, but not distinguished at this moment. It was clearly proved that the mycelia isolated caused the ectomycorrhizae in the roots of pine seedlings.
Agar ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Fungi* ; Mycorrhizae ; Pinus* ; Seedlings* ; Tricholoma

OBJECTIVES: To isolate and culture of human muscle cells by manipulating culture conditions. METHODS: Muscle samples were obtained during total hip replacement or bedside muscle biopsy. We isolated myoblasts from freshly obtained human muscle tissue by trypsin and collagenase digesion. RESULTS: Selective isolation of myoblasts was identified through histologic examination by light-microscope. We identified monoc]onal antibodies(Leu-19) as molecular markers in human skeletal muscle were expressed. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that it had been possible to culture morphologically and immunelogically identifiable myoblasts isolated from human skeletal muscle tissue.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Biopsy ; Collagenases ; Humans* ; Muscle Cells* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myoblasts ; Trypsin

Pulmonary sequestration is an unusual malformation consisting of isolated nonfunctioning lung segments lacking communication with functional tracheobronchial trees. Systemic blood supply is commonly from the thoracic aorta, but arteries occasionally arise from other sites. We report a rare form of pulmonary sequestration with arterial supply from the right coronary artery.
Aged ; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration/*pathology/radiography ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies/*pathology/radiography ; Female ; Humans

Various types of ectomycorrihzal root were observed from the bases of the basidiocarps collected from the four different soils of WalAk Mt., JoRyeong Mt, MinJuJi Mt. and hills near Korea National University of Education; The dichotomous ectomycorrihzal roots were mainly found to be from the interactions of the Pinus roots with the basidiocarps of Boletus and Amanita species. The black single bat-like ectomycorrihzal roots with the darken rhizomorphic mycelia were mainly found to be from the interactions of the Quercus roots with the basidiocarps of Russula species. The pyramid and the monopodial-pinnate ectomycorrihzal roots were also found to be from the interactions of the Pinus and deciduous tree roots with the basidiocarps of Russula and Boletus species. The distinguished structures of the mantle and Hartig net in the cortex layers were observed to be from the roots related to the genus of Pinus in the anatomical sections. However, the aggregated (premeated) structures of mantle and Hartig net in the cortex layer were found to be in the black and bat-like ectomycorrihzal roots. The structures of cross section in the ectomycorrihzal roots, especially the roots related to the host-plants of Pinus, were observed to be different from those according to the fungal species of the basidiocarps collected. The ectomycorrihzal root not reported or confirmed by the anatomical sections were newly found to be from the bases of the basidocarps of Amanita castanopsidis, Boletus laetissimus, B. violaceofuscus, B. speciosus, Clitopilus prunulus, Leccinum rugosiceps, Russula. alboareolata, R. bella, Strobilomyces confusus, Tylropilus neofelleus, and T. plumbeoviolaceus. From the observations mentioned above, the various types of ectomycomhzal roots were speculated to be formed between the different host plants and the different species of basidiocarps.
Amanita ; Chungcheongbuk-do* ; Education ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Korea ; Pinus ; Quercus ; Soil ; Trees

With universal primer ITS1-F, the specific DHJ2 primer was developed to detect the Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips in soil and to identify the species of ECM fungi, as based on DNA sequences of rDNA stored in GeneBank of NCBI. This primer was designed with the common sites of rDNA of Amanita and Boletus, and was also designed with several DNA programs provided by NCBI. The DNA fragments synthesized by PCR were calculated to be 1,000 to 1,200 bps of DNA located to 18s to 28s rDNA to contain two variable sites of ITS, indicating much diversities for specific species or ecotypes of ECM fungi. The primer DHJ2 reacted with the genomic DNA's extracted from the tissues of basidiocarp at the rate of 73 of 80 fungi collected produced single bands with a 1,100 bps length. The DNA fragment synthesized with the genomic DNA that extracted from eight ECM tips of Pinus densiflora was confirmed and analysized to the rDNAs of ECM in full sequences, and informed to be a ECM fungal species in the forest.
Amanita ; Base Sequence ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Ecotype ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Fungi* ; Meristem ; Pinus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity* ; Soil ; Wood*