Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common form of retinal vascular diseases next to diabetic retinopathy. Several risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperopia have been shown to be associated with BRVO. The pathogenesis of branch retinal vein occlusion has not been well understood. This study was conducted prospectively on 21 patients with BRVO and normal 21 patients as controls to assess the relationship of the axial length with the development of BRVO. Mean axial lengths of the affected and the fellow eyes in the branch retinal vein occlusion group were 22.69 +/-0.72 mmand 22.89 +/-0.67mm, respectively. The difference between mean axial lengths of the affected and the fellow eyes was not statistically significant (p=0.17). The mean axial length of control eyes was 23.22 +/-1.29 mm. The affected eyes in the BRVO group were 0.53 mmshorter than eyes in control group on the average, and the difference was statistically significant(p=0.04). This study suggests that shorter axial length could be a local risk factor in the pathogenesis of branch retinal vein occlusion.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Hypertension ; Prospective Studies ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Risk Factors ; Vascular Diseases

The authors studied retrospectively on the surgical results of modified Fasanella-Servat operation for blepharoptosis. The 58 patients underwent modified Fasanella-Servat operation for blepharoptosis and were followed for at least 6 months. We obtained 74.1% primary success rate in the 58 cases of blepharoptosis. The undercorrection, the most common complication, could be correctable by any other ptosis procedures such as levator resction. However, severe complications such as overcorrection and eyelid contour abnormalities were very rare. We also obtained good surgical results even in groups of moderate degree of ptosis and fair levator function which had not been indicated for Fasanella-Servat operation in general.
Blepharoptosis ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical results of pars plana vitrectomy on posterior segment complications in posterior uveitis. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 20 eyes of 19 uveitis patients who were followed up for 6 months or more after vitrectomy. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 20 months. Final visual acuity improved in 10 eyes (50%), was maintained in 6 (30%), and decreased in 4 (20%). The mean improvement of vision was 1.6 lines (p=0.019). Detached retina was reattached in 8 (80%) among the 10 eyes with primary surgery. Postoperative complications were cataract (7 eyes), macular degeneration (2 eyes), retinal detachment (2 eyes), and recurrence (1 eye). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pars plana vitrectomy may be a safe and effective treatment for posterior segment complications in posterior uveitis, but that early and complete vitrectomy should be considered for a better visual prognosis.
Cataract ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Uveitis ; Uveitis, Posterior* ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy*

PURPOSE: To compare the anatomical and visual outcomes in idiopathic macular hole surgery with or without indocyanine green (ICG)-stained internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of 36 patients who underwent idiopathic macular hole surgery were included. Follow-up period was longer than 6 months. In the initial 16 eyes, no ILM peeling was performed (non-ILM peeling group). The subsequent 20 eyes underwent surgery with ICG-stained ILM peeling (ILM peeling group). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the age, sex, hole size, symptom duration and preoperative best-corrected visual acuity between the two groups. The anatomical closure rates were 95% (19/20eyes) and 75% (12/16eyes) in the ILM peeling and non-ILM peeling groups, respectively (Fisher's exact test, p=0.15). Visual improvement of two or more lines occurred in 35% (7/20eyes) in the ILM peeling group and 43.8% (7/16eyes) in the non-ILM peeling group (Chi-square test, p=0.59). CONCLUSIONS: ICG stained ILM peeling was not statistically significant for anatomic and functional success in idiopathic macular hole surgery. Further studies of the toxicity of ICG and the result of ILM peeling should be performed.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Membranes* ; Retinal Perforations* ; Visual Acuity

Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome is a clinical disorder of unknown etiology that affects primarily the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors, usually manifests with acute visual loss or blurred vision. The course of MEWDS is recoverable over several weeks. Characteristic ocular manifestations may include multiple white dots in the deep retina of posterior pole, granularity of the macula, optic disc edema, and vitreous cells. Fluorescein angiography shows small punctate areas of hyper-fluorescence at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium corresponding to the white dots and late fluorescein staining, fluorescein leakage from disc capillaries. We experienced a case of suspected Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome with Ebstein-Barr virus infection and reviewed the available literatures regarding the disease entity.
Capillaries ; Edema ; Fluorescein ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Retina ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is defined as pancreatic tissue lacking anatomic and vascular continuity with the main body of the pancreas. Most are asymptomatic, but can cause ulcer, bleeding, intussusception, and mechanical obstruction. Herein, we presented one case of HP presented as duodenal tumor causing duodenal obstruction. A 7-year-old girl visited the emergency room for abdominal pain with vomiting for 24 hours. Computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal series revealed a polypoid mass with short stalk in the 2nd portion of duodenum. We attempted an endoscopic removal. However, the lumen was nearly obstructed by the mass and the stalk was too broad and hard to excise. The mass was surgically removed via duodenotomy. It was confirmed as a HP with ductal and acini components (type 2 by Heinrich classification). Postoperatively, the patient has been well without any complication and recurrence.
Abdominal Pain ; Child ; Duodenal Neoplasms ; Duodenal Obstruction ; Duodenum ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intussusception ; Pancreas* ; Recurrence ; Ulcer ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: To determine the preoperative factors of different types of diabetic macular edema (DME) classified using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and to evaluate the short-term therapeutic effects and pattern changes of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (IVTA). METHODS: Seventy-seven eyes of 60 patients, who had been previously diagnosed with DME through fundoscopy and fluorescein angiography, were enrolled, and each patient was classified as one of three DME types according to his/her OCT features: Type 1, diffuse retinal thickening; Type 2, cystoid macular edema; and Type 3, serous macular detachment. We compared age, sex, the duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), and decreased visual acuity (VA). We analyzed VA, intraocular pressure (IOP), foveal thickness (FT), total macular volume (TMV), and pattern changes that occurred between pre-operation and 1 month post-operation. RESULTS: The duration of DM was short in Type 3 DME patients. There were no differences in age or the duration of decreased VA. Pre-operative VA was higher in Type 1 than in Type 2 or 3 patients. FT and TMV increased in thickness from Type 1 through Type 3. VA after IVTA improved in Types 2 and 3. FT and TMV after IVTA decreased in each type. However, the extent of the changes in Types 2 and 3 was greater than that in Type 1. Seventy-four percent of Type 2 and 83% of Type 3 changed to Type 1 after IVTA. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that there were differences in the therapeutic effect of IVTA among patients with different DME patterns. According to our results, the effectiveness of IVTA can be predicted, which we believe will help to objectively determine DME treatment.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Eye ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Macular Edema ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Triamcinolone ; Triamcinolone Acetonide ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: We report a case of post-traumatic hypotony retinopathy with cyclodialysis cleft treated by intravitreal gas injection. METHODS: A 38-year-old man presented with decreased visual acuity after blunt trauma to the left eye. Visual acuity of the left eye was 0.06 and intraocular pressure was 1 mmHg. No external wound was found. The anterior chamber showed a microscopic hyphema and, upon funduscopic examination, mild macular edema and striae were seen. The cyclodialysis was identified using gonioscopy. We treated the patient with intravitreal gas (perfluoropropane, C3F8) injection under topical anesthesia and tracked the outcome of this treatment. RESULTS: On the first postoperative day, intraocular pressure fell to the normal range. After 7 days the visual acuity improved to 1.0. During a follow-up period of 10 months, intraocular pressure and visual acuity remained in their normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal gas injection offers a safe and effective method of treating hypotony retinopathy with cyclodialysis cleft.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anterior Chamber ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonioscopy ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Intraocular Pressure ; Macular Edema ; Reference Values ; Visual Acuity ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: To analyze retinal tears and to compare the clinical outcomes between retinal tear and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) as the cause of dense non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage in patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS: In a retrospective case series, the medical records of patients who presented dense non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage and who underwent vitreoretinal surgery between January 2005 and June 2009 were reviewed. Among the 134 patients, 27 patients had dense vitreous hemorrhage caused by retinal tears. The first group had retinal tears only and the second group had accompanying RRD. A comparison of clinical features and postoperative prognoses between the two groups was performed. RESULTS: Among the 27 eyes with non-traumatic retinal tear and RRD, 18 were categorized into the retinal tear group and 9 to the RRD group. The demographic findings between the two studied groups exhibited no significant differences except for time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. However, the time to diagnosis was significantly delayed in the group with RRD (22.67 +/- 37.47 days) compared to the retinal tear group (5.00 +/- 3.41 days) (p = 0.035). The amount of visual improvement was also greater in the retinal tear group than the RRD group (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal tears are a major cause of non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. Vitreous hemorrhage caused by retinal detachment may result in delayed diagnosis and poor visual recovery. Therefore, early examinations in suspicion of RRD and appropriate treatments are needed in non-diabetic vitreous hemorrhage.
Delayed Diagnosis ; Eye ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Prognosis ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Perforations ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Vitreoretinal Surgery ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To determine whether there are significant differences between the retinal thicknesses of the macular area in eyes of healthy Koreans compared with normative data using OCT3 (version 4.0). METHODS: The study was performed in 111 eyes of 71 adults between the ages of 20 and 69 with corrected vision of 0.8 or greater and no systemic or ocular disease. The subject group was designed to have a similar age distribution to that of normative data. An OCT3 fast macular map was used to measure macular thickness. The results were further analyzed and compared with the normative data. RESULTS: The overall results from the subject group were similar to the normative data. However, the nasal parts of the outer ring were thicker than the normative data and the temporal parts of the outer ring were thinner (p<.0001). When each age group was compared, the thickness of the superior part of the inner ring and the nasal part of the inner and outer rings were thicker than the normative data in the age groups of twenties and thirties (p<.05). For the nasal parts of outer ring, the macula were thicker by OCT examination than the normative data in 25.2% of subjects, although they were clinically normal. CONCLUSIONS: Macular thickness in healthy Koreans was generally similar to the normative data of OCT3. However, a slight difference may exist and must be considered when measuring and interpreting macular thickness measurements.
Adult ; Age Distribution ; Eye ; Humans ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision, Ocular