The authors retrospectively analysed epidemiologic characteristics, natural history and visual prognostic factors of submacular hemorrhage 2ndary to retinal arterial macroaneurysm in consecutive 10 patients. All the patients were female with mean age of 64.8 years and with hypertension in most cases.Typically, preretinal hemorrhage over submacular hemorrhage was the usual initial presentation.It took an average 2.9 months for the absorption of submacular hemorrhage.Average visual acuity was counting finger on initial visit and 0.3 on final visit. The initial visual acuity, the extent of submacular hemorrhage and the duration required for the absorption of it were statistically correlated with the final visual acuity[p<0.05]. But it was not the case with the extent of preretinal hemorrhage and the laser photocoagulation to macroaneurysm. As a conclusion, conservative treatment should be considered for the patient with tolerable initial visual acuity and with small extent of submacular hemorrhage 2ndary to retinal arterial macroaneurysm.
Absorption ; Female ; Fingers ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Light Coagulation ; Natural History ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: As the number of children who attend child care centers has increased, concerns has increased about the effect of child day care on childhood illness. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between experience in child care and common infectious diseases in children under 5 years of age. METHODS: Data were collected by surveying 1,000 respondents with children under age 5 through online interviews using a structured questionnaire. The contents of the survey were composed of demographic characteristics, child care facilities usage, experience in infectious diseases, and immunization status. RESULTS: Among the 1,000 children <5 years of age, 78.5% attended a child care facility. Rates of common communicable illnesses were higher in children in child care than for children reared exclusively at home. The predominant communicable diseases which the respondents' children experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, were gastroenteritis (47.1%), otitis media (41.8%) and pneumonia (19.1%). The immunization rate of vaccines that are not included the national immunization program (NIP) (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine - 76.6%, hepatitis A vaccine - 63.3%, pneumococcal vaccine - 59.4%, rotavirus vaccine - 43.1%) was lower than that of the NIP vaccines (90.4%). CONCLUSION: Children in child care experience more bouts of common infectious disease, so nationwide policies to prevent or to control the spread of infectious agents in a child-care should be available and appropriate immunization should be emphasized as the most effective method for the control of infectious disease for children.
Child ; Child Care ; Communicable Diseases ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Day Care, Medical ; Gastroenteritis ; Hepatitis A Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza, Human ; Otitis Media ; Pneumonia ; Rotavirus ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

Background and OBJECTIVE: There has been a few case reports of anaphylaxis due to honeybee in Korea. In order to observe the clinical feature of bee sting anaphylaxis. Moderials and methods: Six patients living in Kyunggi province area were referred under history of anaphylaxis after the bee sting. Atopy was defined by skin prick test result to common inhalant allergen. Serum specific IgE antibody to each bee antigen was detected by radioimmunoassay to identify the causative bee. RESULTS: All six cases were female. Three had atopy and four had combined allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and urticaria. The etiologic bees consisted of yellow jacket (6 cases), paper wasp (4 cases), yellow hornet (3 cases), white faced hornet (1 case) and honey bee (1 case). Four cases had experienced anaphylaxis after ant bite and they showed positive result on specific IgE to imported fire ant. Specific immunotherapy against causative bee venom was begun using bee venom extracts from Bayer (USA) based upon results of specific IgE anti-body to bee venom. CONCLUSION: The yellow jacket is the most common cause of bee venom anaphylaxis in this area. Further studies will be needed to evaluate possible cross-reactivity between bee and ant venom.
Anaphylaxis* ; Ant Venoms ; Ants ; Asthma ; Bee Venoms* ; Bees* ; Bites and Stings ; Female ; Fires ; Gyeonggi-do ; Honey ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunotherapy ; Korea ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rhinitis ; Skin ; Urticaria ; Wasps

Advancement of a fornical conjunctival flap is the method used for bleb reconstruction after excision of necrotic leaking bleb. The authors have experienced a case of corneal bleb at 4 months after necrotic leaking bleb excision and advancement of fornical conjunctiva. The patient complained of irritation. The authors sutured conjunctival bleb over the cornea tightly to the limbus with full corneal thickness. Postoperatively corneal bleb and irritation symtom disappeared and visual acuity improved, but at postoperative 1 month, small corneal bleb recurred, which was punctured with 26G needle and Nd: YAG laser. Subsequently it disappeared and did not recur.
Blister* ; Conjunctiva ; Cornea ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Needles ; Punctures ; Visual Acuity

Mitomycin C has improved the success rate of glaucoma filtering surgery in patients at high risk for surgical failure. However chronic hypotony is marked by decreased vision and a late-onset leaking bleb after filtration surgery using mitomycin C. Bleb excision and conjunctival advancement is the method of choice to repair bleb leakage and chronic hypotony. Five eyes from five patients were received glaucoma filtration surgery with topical mitomycin C. All of the patients' blebs were avascular and transparent. The reasons for bleb excision were two spontaneous bleb leaks, two traumatic bleb leaks and one case of severe irritation. The mean follow-up period was 18.4 +/- 8.3 months (ten to 29 months). Cataract surgery was combined in one eye. Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) increased from 2.3 +/- 1.5 mmHg to 9.5 +/- 3.7 mmHg at nine months postoperatively in four eyes. It went from 28 mmHg to 40 mmHg in one patient with uveitis, for whom a second trabeculectomy with mitomycin C; 0.4 mg/ml for 3 minutes, was performed. After surgery, IOP decreased to 4 mmHg in three months. Postoperative visual acuity improved four snellen lines in three eyes. A partially avascular bleb recurred in three eyes, a corneal bleb in one eye and blepharoptosis, which disappeared spontaneously at four months postoperatively, in one eye. Necrotic bleb excision and advancement of fornical conjunctiva were useful methods to increase IOP and to improve visual acuity for the patient experiencing irritation symptoms, and for leaking blebs, and hypotonic maculopathy.
Adult ; Alkylating Agents/administration & dosage ; Case Report ; Comparative Study ; Conjunctiva/surgery ; Conjunctiva/pathology* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma/surgery* ; Human ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Middle Age ; Mitomycin/administration & dosage ; Necrosis ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Postoperative Complications/surgery* ; Postoperative Complications/pathology ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Trabeculectomy/methods*

Conjunctival tuberculosis is a very rare disease in thesedays. Koester first reported a case of tuberculosis of the conjunctiva in 1873. Two cases of tuberculosis of the conjunctiva has been reported in korea. We experienced a 54-years-old female patient with subconjunctival nodule which was freely movable in temporal bulbar conjunctiva and covering conjunctiva was hyperemic. We performed excisional biopsy and Ziehl-Neelsen stain revealed many acid-fast bacili. No evidence of systemic tuberculosis was found. We diagnosed as primary conjunctival tuberculosis. This case was unusual in that no palpable lymphadenopathy and old age. We should differentially diagnose conjunctival tuberculosis from other disease presenting clinical findings, and pathologic findings will be presented and literatures will be reviewed.
Biopsy ; Conjunctiva ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Rare Diseases ; Tuberculosis*

Conjunctival tuberculosis is a very rare disease in thesedays. Koester first reported a case of tuberculosis of the conjunctiva in 1873. Two cases of tuberculosis of the conjunctiva has been reported in korea. We experienced a 54-years-old female patient with subconjunctival nodule which was freely movable in temporal bulbar conjunctiva and covering conjunctiva was hyperemic. We performed excisional biopsy and Ziehl-Neelsen stain revealed many acid-fast bacili. No evidence of systemic tuberculosis was found. We diagnosed as primary conjunctival tuberculosis. This case was unusual in that no palpable lymphadenopathy and old age. We should differentially diagnose conjunctival tuberculosis from other disease presenting clinical findings, and pathologic findings will be presented and literatures will be reviewed.
Biopsy ; Conjunctiva ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Rare Diseases ; Tuberculosis*

PURPOSE: Human bocavirus (hBoV), a recently discovered virus, has been detected in children with respiratory tract infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and molecular phylogeny of hBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2010. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 953 children with lower respiratory tract infections at Severance children's hospital in Korea from January 2010 to December 2010. We applied the multiplex PCR technique for the identification of 12 respiratory viruses from the samples. Among the total specimens, hBoV positive samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by sequencing a fragment of the VP1/VP2 gene junction. RESULTS: hBoV was detected in 141 (14.8%) among 953 patients. The 61.7% of hBoV-positive samples were found to co-exist with other respiratory viruses. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that all 141 hBoV-positive isolates were identified as hBoV 1, revealing a high similarity among the isolates (>98%). CONCLUSION: hBoV 1 with minimal sequence variations circulated in children with acute respiratory infections during 2010. More research is needed to determine the clinical severity and outcomes of the minimal sequence variations.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Human bocavirus ; Humans ; Korea ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Phylogeny ; Respiratory System ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Viruses

Atypical idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy[ICSC] is a rare disease which is characterized with a bullous retinal detachment and may progress permanent visual loss due to subretinal fibrosis. The authors studied epidemiologic characteristics, efficacy of laser photocoagulation for visual prognosis and duration of serous detachment in 12 patients[17 eyes]with atypical ICSC and in 29 patients[31 eyes]with ICSC. Male predominance was noted in both groups. Bilateral involvement and poor final visual acuity were more prevalent in patient with atypical ICSC[p<0.05], which tends to develop in older age[p=0.128]. Laser photocoagulation shortened the duration of serous detachment in both groups, and improved the final visual outcome in patients with atypical ICSC[p<0.05]. There was no correlation between the duration of ICSC and the extent of serous detachment. In conclusion, more prevalent bilateral involvement and worse visual outcome were the features of atypical ICSC, but laser photocoagulation was effective to improve the final visual outcome and to shorten the duration of the disease.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy* ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Male ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Retinal Detachment ; Visual Acuity

Common complications in a patient with IgG subclass deficiency include recurrent respiratory infections and concomitant inflammatory lung disease. The most effective therapy in these patients is the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. The authors report a case of severe aspirin-sensitive asthma and recurrent pneumonia with combined IgG1, and IgG3 subclass deficiency in a 19-year-old man. The patient was treated with 0.4g/kg at monthly intervals for 6 months, and is still receiving 0.2g/kg every 2 weeks at our clinic. After the replacement of intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient has clinically improved.
Aspirin* ; Asthma* ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive* ; Immunoglobulin G* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Lung Diseases ; Pneumonia ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Young Adult