No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats* ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction* ; Urinary Bladder*

Ferrocholinate, choline citrate iron salt is a new chelate iron which is synthesized by reacting ferric hydroxide with choline dihydrogen citrate. Ferrocholinate is used in the prevention and treatment of microcytic, hypochromic anemias due to iron deficiency. Ferrocholinate does not release high concentrations of free ionic iron in the gastrointestinal tract and clinical reports, although limited, seem to indicate that this drug is better tolerarated than is ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate. Ferrocholinate : syrup was administered to 19 patients of iron deficiency anemia. Ferrocholinate was administered orally. Therapeutic dosage was 1.2cc/kg (elementary iron 6mg/kg) divided three times daily. The results were obtained as follows. (Table 1) 1) In this clinical trials, the over-all effective rate was 84.2% 2) There was no effect on 3 cases who have combined with severe infection and congenital heart disease. 3) Of the 19 patients, 2 patients complained transient nausea and 1 patient mild diarrhea. These symptoms, however, disappeared along with continued therapy.
Anemia, Hypochromic ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency* ; Child* ; Choline ; Citric Acid ; Diarrhea ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Iron* ; Nausea

We experinced a case of 4p+ syndrome in male infant. He had multiple anomalies such as flat occiput, hypertelorism, low set malformed ear, lower anterior hair line, depressed nose, broad nasal bridge, bilateral complete cleft lip and palate, short neck, unusual position of fingers, ventricular septal defect and umblical hernia. He menifested growth and developmental retardation. Karyotype with banding revealed an extra short arm of chromosome 4. The mother's karyotype was normal. His father and father's sister had a translocation between the short arm of chromosome 4 and the short arm of chromosome 9; their karyotypes were 46, XY, t(4;9) and 46, XX, t(4;9), respectively. In this case, trisomy 4p was the result of parental balanced translocatiom. As this is the first case in Korea, it is worthwhile to report with reviewing literature.
Arm ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Cleft Lip ; Ear ; Fathers ; Fingers ; Growth and Development ; Hair ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Hernia ; Humans ; Hypertelorism ; Infant ; Karyotype ; Korea ; Male ; Neck ; Nose ; Palate ; Parents ; Siblings ; Trisomy

PURPOSE: Despite the encouraging short-term results after the laparoscopic Burch operation for female stress urinary incontinence, many investigators reported the decreases of the success rate on long-term follow up studies. These facts have urged us to investigate the change of success rate on long term follow up and related factors of them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed for 39 patients who have received laparoscopic Burch operation from May 1995 to December 1996. Mean follow up duration was 41 months (32-50 months). Extraperitoneal approach was performed in all cases, and postoperative 3 months and long term follow-up results were assessed using standardized questionnaire and medical record. Symptom grades were categorized by Stamey grade. Factors affecting postoperative outcome and complications were also analyzed. RESULTS: On 3 month short term follow-up, 64.1% were cured and 28.2% were improved. However, on the long term follow-up, success rates were droped to 46.1% and 25.6% respectively. Factors affecting postoperative outcome were preoperative Stamey grade and VLPP. Age, parity, symptom's duration, body weight had no correlation with post-operative results. Of the 12 patients with preoperative symptoms of urgency and/or urge incontinence, 8 patients reported those were disappeared or decreased postoperatively. Obstructive symptoms occurred in 7 cases, but progressively improved with time. CONCLUSIONS: With these results, we could conclude that initial success rate of laparoscopic Burch operation is high, but it declined with time. However, on the basis of the result that Stamey grade I patient had lower failure rate, we could selectively apply this operation for grade I stress urinary incontinence.
Body Weight ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Medical Records ; Neck* ; Parity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge

Fetal echocardiography is used by means of decleration of fetal cardiac anaztomy, to estabilish the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in utero. We attemped fetal echocardiography to ninty three pregnant women after intra uterine period 24 weeks, and estimated cardiac circumference, cardiac axis, pulmonary atery root diameter, arortic root diameter, diameter of inferior vena cava, diameter of superior ve studied how these estimates associate with following gestational na cava, and fractional shortening of ventricles. We ages. Cardiac axis was on the average 37.28 degree and cardiac apex was located in anterior left side of chest area. Aortic root diameter was 0.227 GA-0.043mm (GA=gestational age) at systolic phase, 0.203 GA+0.421mm at diastolic phase. Pulmonaly root diameter was 0.271 GA-0.029mm at systolic phase, 0.251 GA-0.067mm at diastolic phase. Thoracic aorta diameter was 0.195 GA+0.109mm at systolic phase, 0.198 GA+0.794mm at diastolic phase. Fractional shortening was 0.24 (1 Standard Deviation=0.11) in right ventricle, 0.23(1 SD=0.154) at left ventricle, and so ratio of right and left ventricle was 1.04(1 SD=0.51). Once normal fetal cardiac anatomy is understood, structural defects and/or alternation of function can be evaluated antenatally.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Thorax ; Vena Cava, Inferior

No abstract available.
Neurofibroma* ; Scalp*

AIMS OF STUDY: Present study designed to observe inhibitory effects of propiverine HC1 and tiropramide against the smooth muscle contraction of female rat bladder. Propiverine has both direct smooth muscle relaxation and anticholinergic effect and has relatively fewer side effect than conventionally used drugs such as oxybutinin. Tiropramide has been known as modulatory agents of gastrointestinal motility but also has inhibitory effects against the bladder contraction. METHODS: 30 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Bladder body above ureteral orifice was resected under pentobarbital anesthesia. 1 x 0.5 cm sized smooth muscle strip was made, and incubated in Tyrode`s solution aerated with 95% oxygen. After reaching equilibrium state, each strip was stimulated by field stimulation (FS, 1-32 Hz) and bethanechol administration (0.0000001-0.0001M). From each strip, degree of muscle contraction was recorded by physiograph (Gilson IC-MP). After the control stimulations, each strip was treated by atropine, tiropramide, oxybutinin and propiverine HC1. After 30 minutes, same stimulation were repeated and degree of muscle contraction was compared to pre incubation data. RESULTS: Frequency and dose dependent muscle contractions were noted for both FS and bethanechol stimulation. Greater degree of contractions were noted for FS than for bethanechol stimulation. Inhibitory effects of tiropramide, propiverine HC1 and oxybutinin were greater than those of atropine at FS (1-32 Hz). At high concentration (0.0001M), all of the drugs but atropine inhibited field stimulated smooth muscle contraction more than 90%. At lower concentration (0. 0000001-0.000001M), inhibitory actions of oxybutinin and propiverine HC1 were greater than that of tiropramide (p>0.05). Propiverine HC1 and oxybutinin had similar inhibitory effect for all con-centration. At higher concentration (0.0001M), inhibitory effects of tiro-pramide were more than 98% whereas those of oxybutinin and propiverine HC1 were 88%. At low concentration (0.0000001-0.000001M), oxybutinin exhibited greater inhibition against the bethanechol induced contraction than did tiropramide and propiverine HC1. With these results, it was suggested that in low concentration, oxybutinin and propiverine HCI had greater inhibitory effect than did tiropramide against smooth muscle contraction of the bladder. In high concentration though, tiropramide had superior inhibitory effect than did oxybutinin and propiverine HC1. Since, no difference was noted between oxybutinin and propiverine HC1 for the inhibitory action of bladder contraction, propiverine HC1 seems reasonable substitute for the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia with less side effects. Also these results indicate that tiropramide can be used for the management of unstable bladder.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Atropine ; Bethanechol ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Humans ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Oxygen ; Pentobarbital ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Relaxation ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder*

Opioids are effective analgesics, but they are often difficult to use properly, due mainly to adverse events, such as constipation, respiratory depression, addiction, tolerance, and opioid induced hyperalgesia. In the past, the problem of opioids around the world was usually caused by drugs traded illegally, so there was no need for medical and social attention in Korea. On the other hand, with the dramatic increase in the therapeutic use of opioids, which commenced more than a decade ago, problems caused by legally prescribed drugs have emerged, and now a more serious opioid crisis is being experienced than in the days of illegal drugs. A growing number of patients are chronically prescribed opioids, and a growing number of health care providers and hospitals suffer from problems related to chronic prescription. Currently, in Korea, it is the time to pay serious attention to achieve the safe and effective use of prescribed opioids. This paper consists of the following parts. 1) A summary of the issues related to chronic pain, opioids, and problems associated with the use of opioids. 2) Some case examples the authors' experienced. 3) Simple guidelines on the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain are proposed based on the author's experience and existing literature. These guidelines are by no means comprehensive, and hopefully in the future, related experts will join forces to develop better guidelines.
Analgesics ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Chronic Pain ; Constipation ; Hand ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Korea ; Prescriptions ; Respiratory Insufficiency

No abstract available.
Hyperplasia ; Scrotum

No abstract available.
Humans ; Inpatients* ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies*