No abstract available.
Animals ; Intestine, Small* ; Rats*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the retention effects of a basic life support training program for nursing students on their attitude, knowledge, and skillfulness. METHODS: A one-group repeated posttest design was employed for this study. The subjects included 44 junior nursing students from Gachon University in Incheon. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire test immediately after, 3 months after, 6 months after, and 9 months after the training respectively from May 2014 through March 2015. RESULTS: The respective attitude, knowledge and skillfulness score on BLS of the nursing students had reduced significantly at 3 months after (p<.001), 6 months after (p<.001), and 9 months after (p<.001, p=.011 for Attitudes) the training compared to immediately after the training. CONCLUSION: Re-training on basic life support for nursing students should be implemented within 3 months for retention of educational effects. Thus, it is recommended that basic life support training programs, including a curriculum for nursing students, is developed to support re-training. And it is expected that the improved skills of nursing students on basic life support would contribute to the successive first aid nursing for patients at risk of cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Curriculum ; Education* ; First Aid ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incheon ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

During early tooth development, multiple signaling molecules are expressed in the dental lamina and induce the dental mesenchyme. One signal, FGF-8, is expressed in the early dental epithelium, another one, BMP-4, has been shown to induce morphologic changes in dental mesenchyme. Meanwhile, hyperthermic exposure during pregnancy, as one of teratogens, is known to disturbe normal development and induce several congenital anomalies. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of maternal hyperthermia on the expressions of FGF-8 and BMP-4 in early odontogenesis. The pregnant Hsp70 knock-out at gestational day 8 were immersed in 43degrees C water bath until their body core temperature reached at 43degrees C. Thereafter, pregnant mice were given more 5 minutes hyperthermic exposure. Heat-untreated Hsp70 KO mice fetuses were used as the control group. Fetuses were collected at embryonic day (ED) 13, 15 and 17. Developing tooth in the mandible was processed for immunohistochemical study. Tissue sections were immunostained for FGF-8 and BMP-4 and observed with light microscope. The obtained results were as follows: Tooth development in the heat shocked (HS) group is delayed rather than the control group in the given developmental period. FGF-8 immunolocalization in control group at ED 13 was gradually decreased compared to the HS group which showed continuously positive immunoreaction. BMP-4 immunolocalization was detected in dental mesenchyme, however, there was no positive immunoreaction found in HS group. These results suggest that maternal hyperthermia should induce the early odontogenesis, delay the expression of FGF-8 in dental epithelium, and disturbe the expression of BMP-4 in dental mesenchyme. Consequently, hyperthermic exposure during pregnancy affects epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Animals ; Baths ; Epithelium ; Fetus ; Fever ; Hot Temperature ; Immunohistochemistry ; Light ; Mandible ; Mesoderm ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Odontogenesis ; Pregnancy ; Shock ; Teratogens ; Tooth ; Water

ABSTRACT: The present study was designed to investigate the possibility of restoring the testicular steroidogenic ability of the aged Brown Norway rats by administering luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroxine (Thy). Rats of 3, 6, 12 months (M) of age (n = 8 per group) and four groups of 18 month old rats (n = 8 per group) were used. Eighteen month old rats were implanted subdermally with Alzet mini osmotic pumps containing saline (control), luteinizing hormone (LH, 24 microgram/day), thyroxine (Thy, 5 microgram/day) and LH and Thy (LH +Thy, 24 microgramday and 5 microgram/day), respectively for four weeks (i.e testing was done at 19 months). The results showed that the testis volume was unchanged among all treatment groups. The number of Leydig cell per testis was not significantly different among all treatment groups. The average volume of a Leydig cell was significantly decreased at 12 months, and a further reduction was observed at 19 months (saline-treated); values for 19 month LH-and-LH +Thy-treated rats were not significantly lower than those at 3 and 6 months of age. Testosterone secretory capacity per testis and per Leydig cell in vitro were significantly reduced concomitantly with age advancement from 6 to 19 months (saline-treated) of age. These values of LH-and Thy-treated 19 month old rats were similar to those at 12 months. LH +Thy-treated rats were equally capable to 3 and 6 month old rats in producing testicular testosterone in vitro in response to LH. Serum testosterone was unchanged from 3 M to 12 M rats but was reduced in 19M control rats. Both LH and Thy significantly raised these values above the 19M control levels, but they were still lower than the 3 M through 12 M levels. Additionally, LH +Thy significantly raised the serum testosterone levels to those of 12M rats, but these values were significantly lower than those of 3 M and 6 M rats. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the exogenous supplementation of LH and Thy was effective in restoring the steroidogenic potential of the aged Leydig cells; the most effective treatment was LH +Thy, which upgraded the capacity of aged testes to those of 3 and 6 months.
Animals ; Humans ; Infant ; Leydig Cells* ; Lutein* ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Male ; Norway* ; Rats* ; Testis ; Testosterone ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones* ; Thyroxine

Skeletal muscles are known to have tolerance to ischemia, but a prolonged ischemia can cause damage to muscular tissues. The ischemia-reperfusion injury results from the oxygen free radicals released by leucocytes and formed by the reaction of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), one of major antioxidant enzymes ocurring in the various tissues of the body metabolizes or scarvanges the oxygen free radicals. Although many studies reported difference in tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion between white and red muscles, some other investigators failed in finding such difference. The present study was performed to examine effects of graded periods of ischemia and reperfusion on the cellular ultrastructure and activity of SOD in white and red muscles. The Sprague-Dawley rats (200~250 g) were used as experimental animals. Under pentobarbital (50 mg/kg IP) anesthesia, incision was made on lower abdomen and left common iliac artery was occluded by means of a vascular clamp for 2, 4 and 6 hour (hrs). Thereafter, the superficial portion of mid-belly of anterior tibial muscle and soleus muscles were excised at 0, 24 and 72 hrs after onset of reperfusion. The specimens were sectioned into slices, 2 mm in length, 1 mm in width and thickness. Some specimens were prepared for electron microscopic observation and others for determination of SOD activity by using antihuman Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD antibodies. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In anterior tibial muscle, areas with loose electron-density and dilated cristae were observed in the mitochondria immediately after 2 hrs of ischemia, while widened intermyofibrillar spaces and dilated cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum were seen after 2 hrs and 24 hrs reperfusion. When subjected to 2 hrs ischemia and 72 hrs reperfusion, no significant change was found in the cellular ultrastructure. 2. In soleus muscle, electron density was loose in the matrix of mitochondria immediately after 2 hrs of ischemia, while cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum were dilalated after 2 hrs of ischemia and 24 hrs reperfusion. Following 2 hrs of ischemia and 72 hrs reperfusion, the electron microscopic findings were similar to those of normal rats. 3. The changes in cellular ultrastructure were more prominent in both the 4 hrs and 6 hrs ischemia groups, in which degree of ultrastructural changes were proportional to duration of reperfusion. 4. In anterior tibial muscle, trace or weak immunoreactivities of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD were seen, whereas trace immunoreactivity of Cu, Zn-SOD and trace or weak immunoreactivity of Mn-SOD were observed in soleus muscle. 5. The immunoreactivities of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD were not altered in 2 hrs ischemic and 72 hrs reperfused group, while they were increased slightly in 2 hrs ischemic and 24 hrs reperfused group. 6. In both muscles, the activity of SOD increased following 4 hrs or 6 hrs ischemia and 24 hrs or 72 hrs reperfusion. The changes in immunoreactivity of Mn-SOD were not different between two muscles, whereas immunoreactivity of Cu, Zn-SOD were higher in anterior tibial muscle. Consequently, it is suggested that significant ischemia reperfusion injuries are produced after 4~6 hrs ishemia followed by 24 hrs or 72 hrs reperfusion, that anterior tibial muscle is more susceptible to ischemic reperfusion injury and that the ischemic-reperfusion injury is closely related with activity of SOD.
Abdomen ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Hypoxanthine ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia* ; Mitochondria ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles* ; Oxygen ; Pentobarbital ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; Reperfusion* ; Research Personnel ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Xanthine Oxidase

A brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion termed 'ischemic preconditioning' has been established as rendering muscle tolerance to damage during a subsequent prolonged ischemia. The effects of ischemic preconditioning in the cardiac muscle are related to the stimulation of adenosine A1 receptor and the opening of KATP channel. The effect and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in the skeletal muscle are not known clearly. The superoxide radical injures the skeletal muscle during the ischemia and reperfusion. There are two types of SOD, which metabolizes the superoxide radicals to H2O2 and O2, in the cell. One of them is Cu, Zn-SOD in the cytoplasm and the other is Mn-SOD in the mitochondria. The activities of SOD are increased against the formation of superoxide radical during the reperfusion. The author performed the present study to investigate the effect and the mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning by measuring the expression of SOD mRNA on timely reperfused ischemic muscles. The healthy Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 300 g to 350 g were used as experimental animals. Under pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) anesthesia, lower abdominal incision was done and left common iliac artery was occluded by vascular clamp for 2 hours. Rectus femoris muscles were obtained respectively at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours after reperfusion. The ischemic preconditioning group underwent three episodes of 5 minute occlusion and 5 minute reperfusion of common iliac artery followed by 2 hours of ischemia and timely reperfusion. Adenosine (50 microgram/kg) or pinacidil (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously before ischemia. 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (15 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously before ischemic preconditioning. Paraffin sections with 4 micrometer thickness in all groups were obtained. The expression of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD mRNA was observed by use of in situ hybridization. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The expression of SOD mRNA was seen only in small muscle fibers of the rectus femoris muscle of the rat. 2. Weak expressions of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD mRNA were observed in the normal control rat. 3. After 2 hours of ischemia, moderate expression of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA was observed until 72 hours of reperfusion. Weak or moderate expression of Mn-SOD mRNA at 3 hours and 6 hours of reperfusion, weak or trace expression at 12 hours of reperfusion, moderate expression at 24 hours of reperfusion and weak or moderate expression at 72 hours of reperfusion were observed. 4. After ischemic preconditioning, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion. Moderate expressions of Mn-SOD mRNA were seen in the group of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hours of reperfusion and strong expression was seen in the group of 24 hours of reperfusion after ischemic preconditioning. 5. After 2 hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditoining, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours of reperfusion. Moderate expressions of Mn-SOD mRNA were observed in the groups of 0, 3, 6, and 12 hours of reperfusion and moderate or strong expression was seen in the group of 24 hours of reperfusion. 6. After 2 hours of ischemia with the pretreatment of adenosine, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the group of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion. Moderate expression of Mn-SOD mRNA in the groups and 3 hours of reperfusion, strong expression in the group of 6 and 12 hours of reperfusion and moderate expression in the group of 24 hours of reperfusion were seen. 7. After 2 hours of ischemia with the pretreatment of pinacidil, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hours of reperfusion and those of Mn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion. 8. After 2 hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditioning and the pretreatment of 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3- dipropylxanthine, moderate expression of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were observed in the groups of 0, 3, 6, and 12 hours of reperfusion and those of Mn-SOD were seen in the groups of 6, 12 and 72 hours of reperfusion. 9. After 2 hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditioning and the pretreatment of glibenclamide, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD mRNA were seen in all groups of reperfusion. Consequently, these results suggest that the expression of Cu, Zn and Mn-SOD mRNA increases during 2 hours ischemia and reperfusion with or without ischemic preconditioning. The effects of ischemic preconditioning are closely related to the stimulation of adenosine A1 receptor and KATP channel.
Adenosine* ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Cytoplasm ; Glyburide ; Iliac Artery ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ischemia* ; Ischemic Preconditioning* ; Mitochondria ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Myocardium ; Paraffin ; Pentobarbital ; Pinacidil* ; Quadriceps Muscle* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Adenosine A1 ; Reperfusion* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Superoxide Dismutase* ; Superoxides

BACKGROUND: NCAM plays an important role in the peripheral innervation of the spinal neurons as well as in the development of the CNS. Although expression of NCAM is down-regulated in most areas of adult brain and spinal cord, it could be reexpressed after neuronal damages induced by various physical or chemical insults including peripheral nerve transection. METHOD: To investigate alterations of the NCAM immunoreactivity in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord induced by peripheral neurotomy and reconnection, the unilateral sciatic nerve of the rats were transected and immediately reconnected. Experimental animals were sacrificed at 1 week and 3 weeks after operation, and the alteration of NCAM immunoreactivity in the ventral and the dorsal horns of the lower lumbar spinal cord were examined. RESULTS: NCAM-immunoreactive astrocytes in the ipsilateral dorsal horn was increased at 1 week after operation. Neurons with NCAM?immunoreactive membranes and processes were increased in ipsilateral dorsal horns, and in large motor neurons of ventral horns of both sides at 3 weeks after unilateral sciatic neurotomy and reconnection. CONCLUSIONS: It is consequently suggested that unilateral sciatic neurotomy and reconnection induce the increase of the NCAM-immunoreactive neurons and glial cells in the spinal cord, and increase of NCAM immunoreactivity in the spinal cord may reflect the neuronal damage and healing process induced by peripheral nerve injury.
Adult ; Animals ; Astrocytes ; Brain ; Horns ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Membranes ; Motor Neurons ; Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules* ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Peripheral Nerves ; Rats* ; Sciatic Nerve ; Spinal Cord*

No abstract available.

In order to investigate the distribution patterns of the dorsal digital nerves of the radial and ulnar nerve in the Korean, authors dissect the 113 hands (right 58/left 55) of the 59 cadavers (39 males/20 females). The types were classified by the area of radial dorsal digital nerves and the ulnar digital nerves. The difference in the distribution pattern between males and females, right and left hands was analysed by chi2-test in the case presenting the prequency more than 10%. The results as follows; 1. The ten types of the distribution patterns consisted of the radial and ulnar nerves were observed on the dorsum of the hands. 2. The case of the highest prequency was type VIII(33.9%), in which radial nerve supply the radial side of the 2 1-2 of digits and ulnar nerve extends the ulnar side 2 1-2 of digits. 3. In the cases of the both nerve mingling in the third digital web, the incidences in which the radial nerves extend to the radial half of ring finger and ulnar nerve to the ulnar half of middle finger (type III) were 25.7%, and that the radial nerves extend to the ulnar half of middle finger and ulnar nerve to the ulnar half of middle finger (type VI) were 11.0%. 4. Type IV as combined branch between the radial and the ulnar nerve extend to the third digital web was observed in the 12.8%. 5. The type III, VI, IX, X, XI showing the both nerves mingling in the third digital web and in the second digital web or combining in the second digital web were new observed in the Korean. 6. The musculocutaneous nerve replaces the superficial branch of the radial nerve in 4 cases. 7. There was no statistical difference in the distribution pattern between males and females, right and left hands. From the above results, it was suggested that the majority of the cases were that the ulnar digital nerves supplied the ulnar half of the middle finger in the Korean.
Cadaver ; Female ; Fingers ; Hand* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Musculocutaneous Nerve ; Radial Nerve ; Ulnar Nerve

Tailgut cyst is a rare congenital lesion in retrorectal space. The clinical significance of tailgut cyst presents its morbidity that occurs in the unrecognized and incompletely treated lesion. A forty four year-old female patient visited with lower abdominal pain during defecation. Preoperative abdominopelvic MRI and endorectal ultrasonography revealed a retrorectal mass suggestive of leiomyoma, dermoid cyst, teratoma, or duplication cyst of rectum. She underwent complete resection of retrorectal mass by transsphincteric approach. The mass was multilocular cyst lined by multiple types of epithelium. It was histologically confirmed as a tailgut cyst. She recovered uneventfully. This report includes the case and a brief review of tailgut cyst.
Abdominal Pain ; Defecation ; Dermoid Cyst ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Leiomyoma ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Rectum ; Teratoma ; Ultrasonography