Twenty-three isolates of Fusarium spp. were obtained from decayed citrus fruits in the fields and storages in 1998-1999. Of them, six and five isolates belonged to F. proliferatum and F. moniliforme, respectively, which were the most common. F. solani and F. sambucinum had each two isolates, F. equiseti had one isolate and seven isolates were unidentified. They produced symptoms of two types in pathogenicity test: those with leathery, beige to light or dark brown, and sunken lesions without surface mycelium (type-1) and those with lesions covered with white, beige or pink surface mycelium (type-2). Four of six isolates identified to F. proliferatum and two unidentified isolates produced type-1 lesions, and all isolates identified to F. moniliforme, F. solani, F. sambucinum, F. equiseti and five unidentified isolates produced type-2 lesions.
Citrus* ; Fruit* ; Fusarium* ; Mycelium ; Virulence

Fracture healing in the hand is not an isolated goal. The functional end result is of paramount importance. When the correct techniques are used, miniplate fixation for metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand provides rigid internal fixation, stabilizes the skeleton, preserves the gliding tissue, and therefore allowing immediate active range of motion exercise as well as minimizing joint and tendon complications. The authors have reviewed 39 patients, 52 cases of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand which were treated with miniplate in the department of orthopaedic surgery, Chang Ang Gil hospital from Sep. 1989 to Feb. 1993. The following results were obtained. 1. Miniplate fixation, in terms of fracture reduction and maintenance, allows on accurate anatomic reduction with rigid fixation which in turn affords on early mobilization without loss of reduction alignment. 2. The roentgenographic union was obtained within 15.1 weeks in average. The mean total acitve motion at the fractured finger was 230°. The complication rate was 11.5%. 3. In the treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the hand, especially fractures of metacarpal bones, fixation with miniplate is considered to be an useful method in terms of getting fracture union and good range of motion with relative low complication rates.
Early Ambulation ; Fingers ; Fracture Healing ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Metacarpal Bones ; Methods ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Skeleton ; Tendons

BACKGROUND: The value of the fiberoptic laryngoscope in difficult tracheal intubation is well established. In recent years there has been a significant interest in and increase in learning this valuable skill by anesthesiologists. This study assesses the minimum number of attempts needed for proficiency in fiberoptic orotracheal intubation. METHODS: Eight anesthesia residents with experience in rigid larygoscopic intubation, but who were beginners in fiberoptic intubation, participated in this study. In a randomized fashion, each resident performed 50 fiberoptic orotracheal intubations. All intubations were performed under general anesthesia and muscle paralysis. Success rate and intubation time of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation and SpO2 were recorded. We have compared success rate with intubation time of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation and grade of laryngoscopic view. RESULTS: The mean success rate of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation was 75% in the first 10 intubations. Thereafter the success rates were higher than 90%. The mean time to achieve successful orotracheal fiberoptic intubation were significantly decreased to 30 attempts. There was no correlation of laryngoscopic grade with intubation time and success rate. No hypoxia occurred in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that an acceptable level of technical expertise in fiberoptic orotracheal intubation is achieved after 30 intubation attempts.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anoxia ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Laryngoscopes ; Learning* ; Paralysis ; Professional Competence

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-flow anesthesia with a semi-closed circle anesthesia system in infants. METHODS: Twenty, ASA physical status 1 or 2, infants were randomly assigned into two groups: high-flow anesthesia (HFA) or low-flow anesthesia (LFA). An identical semi-closed Dr ger circle anesthesia system (Cato) was used to all patients. Initial fresh gas flow (FGF) was N2O 1.5 L/min and O2 1.5 L/min in both groups. This FGF of 3 L/min was maintained in the HFA group. After 10 min of HFA, the FGF was reduced to 500 ml/min (N2O 250 ml/min and O2 250 ml/min) in the LFA group. RESULTS: Hypoxic or hypercarbic gas concentrations were not observed in all patients. Enflurane consumption during LFA was about 1/3 of that during HFA (6.8 +/- 1.3 ml vs. 19.5 +/- 5.8 ml). The mean highest esophageal temperature was similar in both groups. The mean highest inspiratory gas and soda lime temperatures were significantly higher in the LFA group than in the HFA group. CONCLUSIONS: Low-flow anesthesia in a circle system with a fresh gas flow of N2O 250 ml/min and O2 250 ml/min could be performed safely and economically for infants.
Anesthesia* ; Enflurane* ; Humans ; Infant*

PURPOSE: To report the change of pupil sizes according to age and illuminance in the normal Korean population. METHODS: Normal Koreans outpatients who never had a history of ophthalmic disease were examined. The patients consisted of 320 eyes of 160 patients, which were classified into 8 age decades (teenage to 80's) with 40 eyes in each age group. The vertical and horizontal pupil size and area under 4 different illuminances (3,500, 1,200, 500, 5 lux) were measured using the Colvard pupillometer(R) (OASIS Medical, Glendora, CA, USA). RESULTS: The pupil size was significantly decreased as the age increased under each illuminance. The pupil area measured after dark adaptation was 47.30 mm2 in the teenage group, 43.32 mm2 in the 20's group, 41.94 mm2 in the 30's group, 40.98 mm2 in the 40's group, 40.61 mm2 in the 50's group, 38.60 mm2 in the 60's group, 37.78 mm2 in the 70's group and 35.45 mm2 in the 80's group. The decrease in pupil area was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In the normal Korean population, a significant decrease in pupil size and area was observed with aging. The present study results provide good basic data for cataract and presbyopia refractive surgery.
Aging ; Cataract ; Dark Adaptation ; Eye ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Presbyopia ; Pupil ; Refractive Surgical Procedures

PURPOSE: To analyse unusual radiologic manifestations of colonic adenocarcinoma, and to correlate these with pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiologic findings of ten patients with atypical adenocarcinoma ofthe colon were retrospectively evaluated. The unusual radiologic findings were difined as terminal ileal involvement of the cecal mass, long segmental involvement of over 9cm, and exophytic tumor growth. radiologic and sonographic findings were compared with pathologic specimens obtained from surgical resection. RESULTS: Involvement of the terminal ileum was noted in three cases, long segmental involvement of over 11cm in five cases, and exophytic mass in two. Of three cases with thickening of the terminal ileum, two revealed the infiltration of cancer into the terminal ileum through the ileocecal valve, and the other revealed vascular congestion and edemaon microscopic examination. Five cases with long segmental involvement of over 11cm comprised one of cancer totally infiltrated through the submucosal and proper muscle layer, one of inflammatory thickening distal to thecancer, two of inflammatory change of pericolic fat and serosal adhesion and one of a large intraluminal fungatingmass. In the cases of exophytic mass, one with a larger extraluminal and a smaller intraluminal component revealed necrosis and abscess on pathologic examination, accounting for low attenuation on CT, whereas the other, with exophytic growth, disclosed abundant pools of mucin, resulting in low attenuation on CT. These two cases could notbe differentiated from submucosal tumors. CONCLUSION: Atypical colon cancer may have various manifestations, suchas thickening of the terminal ileum, involvement of a long segment, and an exophytically growing mass. An appreciation of the radiologic findings of this cancer may therefore help in differential diagnosis in cases simulating colitis or submucosal tumors of the colon, such as lymphoma or leiomyoma.
Abscess ; Adenocarcinoma* ; Colitis ; Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Ileocecal Valve ; Ileum ; Leiomyoma ; Lymphoma ; Mucins ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Splenectomy*

Notch stenosis had been thought to be related with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible relationship between notch stenosis and ACL injury. We measured the notch seen on the axial section in MRI at popliteal groove. We have retrospectively analyzed 116 cases of knee MRI. All cases were divided into three groups ; Group I were fifty six normal knee. Group II were thirty knee with contact ACL injuries. Group III were thirty knee with non contact ACL injuries. The result were as follows; 1. Statistically significant difference was found in the notch width index (NWI) between group I and group III but no significant differences was found in the NWI between group I and group II. 2. Statistically significant correlation to non-contact ACL injuries was found in the NWI at both anterior and posterior outlet of the notch. 3. An unique shape of the notch was found in the majority of group III.There seemed to be an obvious relationship between notch stenosis and non-contact ACL injuries.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Knee ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of an amniotic membrane contact lens on corneal epithelial wound healing. METHODS: We made a model with a corneal epithelial wound by applying 6 mm round filter paper soaked with 1 N NaOHonto the central cornea in 24 eyes of 12 rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups: AMCL (amniotic membrane contact lens), T-AMT (temporary amniotic membrane transplantation) and the control group. We evaluated corneal wound healing every postoperative day using a digital photo slitlamp and fluorescein dye. The corneas were harvested for histopathologic studies after seven days and analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) stain and TUNEL staining. RESULTS: The average wound healing time was similar between the amniotic membrane contact lens and the temporary amniotic membrane transplantation group. The number of the infiltrated PMNs (polymorphonuclear cells) was 8.8+/-2.58, 8.6+/-2.19 and 48.6+/-7.12 in the AMCL, T-AMT and control groups, respectively. Apoptotic keratocytes were 3.8+/-1.1, 3.6+/-1.09 and 23.2+/-5.06 in the AMCL, T-AMT and control groups, respectively. In the AMCL and T-AMT groups, the number of infiltrated PMNs and apoptotic keratocytes were significantly less than those the control group (p<0.05). There were not significant differences in the number of PMNs and apoptotic cells in the AMCL and the T-AMT groups. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic membrane contact lenses have the benefits of being an easily applied method and having a wound healing ability comparable to that possible with conventional suture methods.
Amnion ; Contact Lenses ; Cornea ; Eye ; Fluorescein ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Membranes ; Rabbits ; Sutures ; Transplants ; Wound Healing

The surgical methods of injured peripheral nerve were limited to end-to-end neurorrhaphy, nerve graft, neurotization, etc. Recently, Several studies were executed about end-to-side neurorrhaphy in peripheral nerve injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the axonal regeneration of end-to-side neurorrhaphy in rats, as alternative surgical method for peripheral nerve injury comparing with the state of normal, denervated, and end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; group I as normal control group, group II as denervated control group, group III as end-to-end neurorrhaphy group, group IV as end-to-side neurorrhaphy group. At postoperative 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 week, nerve regeneration was assessed through electrophysiologic and histological studies. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In electrophysiologic test, the mean amplitude was higher in normal control group(group I) than either in end-to-end neurorrhaphy group(group III) or in end- to- side neurorrhaphy group(group IV)(p < 0.05). But there is no significant difference between group III and group IV. 2. The mean number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibers was higher in group I than either in group III or in group IV(p < 0.05). But there is no significant difference between group III and group IV, except at postoperative 16 week. 3. The mean number of motor end-plates at postoperative 24 week was 20.5 in group III and 18.2 in group IV, but there is no significant difference between group III and group IV. In conclusion, end-to-side neurorrhaphy through an epineural window could induce distal nerve regeneration by collateral sprouting of main peripheral nerve and positively reflected in functional improvement of the target muscle.
Animals ; Axons ; Female ; Humans ; Motor Endplate ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated ; Nerve Regeneration* ; Nerve Transfer ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Peripheral Nerves ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Transplants