The radius including the proximal epiphysis was transferred in puppies. Growth in the vascularized long bone grafts in growing animals was significantly greate than in the non-vascularized grafts, not equal to normal growth. In the non-vascularized grafts the epiphyses closed one month postoperatively, compared to 5 months in the vascularized grafts and 6 months in the normal controls. This data suggests that, in transplantation of growing bone, revascularization is essential to maximize continuing growth. This study is an initial step in the development of a technique for the transfer of a free vascularized growth plate. This information would be beneficial in predicting growth patterns of free vascularized bone transfers for growth disturbances, congenital anomalies and trauma in youth.
Animal ; Bone Development* ; Bone Transplantation* ; Dogs ; Epiphyses/surgery* ; Radius/surgery*

The effects of vasectomy on the reproductive organs in various species are controversial. This study investigated the morphological change and apoptosis of the testis, epididymis, and vas deferens in beagle dogs 12 months after vasectomy. The male beagles were divided into two groups: vasectomized and sham-operated groups (n=5 in each). Histopathological, ultrastructural, and TUNEL evaluation of the changes in the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens of each animal were conducted 12 months after surgery. The mean lumen diameter, cellular thickness, mean interstitial distance, and lumen area fraction of each seminiferous tubule and ductus epididymis were measured by stereological analysis. The results showed that, compared with the sham-operated group, the seminiferous tubular epithelial cells of the testes in the vasectomized group were disorderly arranged and scattered. Significant atrophy and apoptosis were found in the endothelial cells, and a range of ultrastructural variations were observed in the cells of testes, epididymis, and vas deferens in vasectomized group. It was concluded that complete obstruction of the vas deferens as a traditional contraception method is not absolutely safe in terms of the reversal of fertility in the long run. Techniques of relieving the inner pressure in the vas deferens while maintaining the efficacy of male contraception need to be explored.
Animals ; Dogs ; Epididymis ; surgery ; Male ; Testis ; surgery ; Vasectomy ; adverse effects

The paper outlines the achievements and challenges in the additive manufacturing (AM) application to veterinary practice. The state-of-the-art in AM application to the veterinary surgery is presented, with the focus of AM for patient-specifi c implants manufacturing. It also provides critical discussion on some of the potential issues design and technology should overcome for wider and more eff ective implementation of additively manufactured parts in veterinary practices. Most of the discussions in present paper are related to the metallic implants, manufactured in this case using so-called powder bed additive manufacturing (PB-AM) in titanium alloy Ti–6AL–4V, and to the corresponding process of their design, manufacturing and implementation in veterinary surgery. Procedures of the implant design and individualization for veterinary surgery are illustrated basing on the four performed surgery cases with dog patients. Results of the replacement surgery in dogs indicate that individualized additively manufactured metallic implants signifi cantly increase chances for successful recovery process, and AM techniques present a viable alternative to amputation in a large number of veterinary cases. The same time overcoming challenges of implant individualization in veterinary practice signifi cantly contributes to the knowledge directly relevant to the modern medical practice. An experience from veterinary cases where organ-preserving surgery with 3D-printed patient-specifi c implants is performed provides a unique opportunity for future development of better human implants.
Alloys ; Amputation ; Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Osteosarcoma ; Surgery, Veterinary ; Titanium

Hermaphroditism was identified in a 3-year-old American Cocker spaniel with an enlarged os clitoridis that was shown as reddish finger-like structure protruding from the vulva. The urethral orifice was located cranially to the base of the os clitoridis. The gonads were situated caudal to the kidneys at the cranial tips of the uterine horns, and were composed mainly of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells and had ovarian follicles in the cortices. The uterus was enlarged and revealed pyometra. Gross and histopathological findings of the dog suggested hermaphroditism with bilateral ovotestes and pyometra.
Animals ; Dog Diseases/*pathology/surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Gonads/pathology/surgery ; Hermaphroditism/pathology/surgery/*veterinary ; Histocytochemistry/veterinary

A Yorkshire terrier (case 1) and a Miniature Schnauzer (case 2) were diagnosed with pylorogastric intussusceptions (PGIs). Both cases showed acute vomiting and had previous histories of laparotomy. In case 1, the invaginated pyloric wall was thickened unevenly containing multiple hypoechoic areas and had indistinct wall layering on ultrasonography. PGI with diffuse gastric edema and necrosis was confirmed on laparotomy. The dog recovered completely after gastrectomy and a Y-U plasty. Case 2 had uniformly thickened walls of invaginated gastric pylorus with the distinct wall layering. PGI was reduced spontaneously the next day.
Animals ; Dog Diseases/pathology/surgery/*ultrasonography ; Dogs ; Female ; Intussusception/surgery/ultrasonography/*veterinary ; Pylorus/*pathology/surgery

Four thoracic evacuation techniques for pneumothorax elimination after diaphragmatic defect closure were compared in 40 canine cadavers. After creating a defect in the left side of the diaphragm, thoracic drainage was performed by thoracostomy tube insertion through the defect and a small (DD-SP) or large (DD-LP) puncture created in the caudal mediastinum, or through both the diaphragmatic defect and intact contralateral diaphragm with a small (DI-SP) or large (DI-LP) puncture in made in the caudal mediastinum. Differences in intrapleural pressure (IPP) between the right and left hemithoraxes after air evacuation along with differences in IPP before making a defect and after air evacuation in each hemithorax were calculated. A difference (p < or = 0.0011) in IPP between the left and right hemithoraxes after air evacuation as well as before making a defect and after air evacuation in the right hemithorax was detected for the DD-SP group. No significant differences (p > or = 0.0835) were observed for the DI-LP, DD-LP, or DI-SP groups. Creation of a large mediastinal puncture or thoracic evacuation through both a diaphragmatic defect and intact contralateral diaphragm can facilitate proper pneumothorax elimination bilaterally after diaphragmatic defect closure in dogs with a small puncture in the caudal mediastinum.
Animals ; Cadaver ; Chest Tubes/veterinary ; Diaphragm/*surgery ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Mediastinum/*surgery ; Pneumothorax/surgery/*veterinary ; Thoracostomy/instrumentation/*methods/veterinary

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effective method to treat the glottic carcinoma invading the anterior commissure, we observed the difference of three kinds of operation to the anterior commissure of dogs by semiconductor laser. METHOD: Twelve dogs were divided into 3 groups at random, A: to cauterize to the thyroid cartilage's inner membrane of the anterior commissure, the right ventricular bands and vocal cord, the anterior and 1/3 of the left vocal cord; B: to cauterize part of the thyroid cartilage of the anterior commissure besides A; C: to open a window about 5 mm x 5 mm on the thyroid cartilage of the anterior commissure besides B. To take photos to observe the dogs' laryngeal wound with digital camera or electrolaryngoscope immediately, 1 week and 4 weeks, then to record the hoarseness, body weight and complications etc. RESULT: All the dogs' laser surgery were completed successfully. To observe the gross specimen, it was identical between the extent of excising and the design preoperation. One week later, the neonatal membrane covered the wound incomplete. Edematization, inflammatory reaction, pseudomembrane and the hoarseness were not heavy too. No obvious complication in group A. The neonatal membrane covered the wound incomplete. Edema, inflammatory reaction, pseudomembrane and granulation can be seen in group B. Exudation was heavy in local, erosion and infected, the hoarseness was severe. No other obvious complications in C. Different extent of adhesion could be seen at the anterior commissure in group A, B and C after 4 weeks, the laryngeal web formed, and the length of vocal cord was shorter than before. The color and luster of anterior commissure membrane was normal basically, the inflammatory reaction was not heavy in A and B groups. The anterior commissural membrane appeared the dark red chronic inflammatory reaction; the window was closed by neonatal membrane completely and had no infection in group C. To observe the gross specimen: the wound of anterior commissure was covered by prosthetic epithelia completely in three groups. The window was closed by complete membrane at the anterior commissure. The No. 1- 3 dog's conditions of hoarseness in three groups after 4 weeks: slight in A group, little severe in B and C group. The change of weight was not obvious at the pre or postoperative in group A and B. No obvious complication happened in each group postoperation. CONCLUSION The three operative methods have satisfied effects,the recovery of wound can cure well finally and no severe complications happened. It is valuable in clinic.
Animals ; Arytenoid Cartilage ; surgery ; Dogs ; Larynx ; surgery ; Laser Therapy ; methods ; Lasers, Semiconductor ; Thyroid Cartilage ; surgery ; Vocal Cords ; surgery

An English setter (case 1) and a Tibetan mastiff (case 2) presented with intermittent weight-bearing lameness on the right hind limb when trotting. The dogs had a history of femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHNO). Orthopedic examination revealed pain and crepitus on the right hip joint. The dogs underwent total hip replacement (THR). At the 2-year (case 1) and 1-year (case 2) follow-up, both dogs had resumed normal activity without lameness. The muscle mass and range of motion were significantly improved in the affected hind limb. In conclusion, FHNO with poor functional outcomes can be successfully ameliorated with THR.
Animals ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*surgery ; Dogs ; Female ; Femur Head/*surgery

An intact male German shepherd dog (4 y, body wt. 35.5 kg) was referred to the Animal Medical Center, Chonbuk National University with severe lameness, pain and gait abnormality on the right hind limb. Survey radiographs of the pelvis revealed dysplasia of the right coxofemoral joint with subluxation. The dog was surgically treated performing total hip replacement (THR) using Modular Biolox Canine Modular THR System. The dog began to bear weight and slowly returned to a normal exercise pattern 2 months after surgery. THR resulted in satisfactory clinical functions with 6 months follow up and no complications were observed. Canine modular THR could be a successful modality for the management of disabling conditions of the coxofemoral joint.
Animals ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods/*veterinary ; Dogs/*surgery ; Hip Dysplasia, Canine/*surgery ; Male

OBJECTIVEHypertension is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Renal sympathetic hyperactivity is associated with hypertension. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of renal denervation for hypertension.

METHODSEighteen mongrel neurogenic hypertensive dogs were divided into intervention [mean arterial pressure: (150.6 ± 18.8) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) plus renal sympathetic denervation by percutaneous catheter-based radiofrequency, n = 10] and control [mean arterial pressure (147.4 ± 13.2) mm Hg, n = 8] group. Mean arterial pressure before and at 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks after procedure was invasively measured. Renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), aldosterone (Ald), and creatinine (Cr) were detected at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after procedure.

RESULTSMean arterial pressure remained unchanged in control group. In intervention group, mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased to (130.4 ± 14.1) mm Hg, (136.2 ± 17.1) mm Hg, (128.7 ± 14.7) mm Hg and (126.1 ± 12.7) mm Hg respectively at 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks after procedure. Meanwhile, the level of PRA, AngII, Ald significantly reduced post procedure compared with pre-procedural level (P < 0.05) and the Cr level remained unchanged post procedure (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the progression of hypertension. Catheter-based renal denervation results in substantial and sustained blood-pressure reduction in this model.

Animals ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Dogs ; Hypertension ; surgery ; Kidney ; innervation ; surgery ; Sympathectomy ; methods