OBJECTIVETo explore an early stage repair method for soft tissue defect of limbs of modern firearm wound, and to improve treating result.

METHODSDefects of the hind limbs of dogs were repaired with skin, muscle and myocutaneous flaps.

RESULTSWounds healed within 2 weeks in the experimental group except one that healed in 3 weeks because of infection. Limb function was close to normal. The treatment result was better in the experimental group than the control.

CONCLUSIONSSkin, muscle and myocutaneous flaps can cover soft tissue defect at an early stage, prevent and reduce infection, promote the healing and recovery of combined injury, reduce the time of treatment and disability rate.

Animals ; Debridement ; Dogs ; Hindlimb ; injuries ; Microsurgery ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Wound Healing ; Wounds, Gunshot ; surgery

Although today most injuries of face and head are the result of traffic accident, dog bites are a cause of facial injuries in children. In recent years, general guidelines have been established concerning the surgical treatment of facial dog bite injuries in children. Contrary to past beliefs, primary closure of selected bites produces the best outcome for patients without increasing the risk of infection. Special attention is attached to the functional and aesthetic outcome. The purpose of this article is to provide the oral and maxillofacial surgeon about management of facial dog bite injuries and guidelines for effective and rational treatment with review of a literature. We report a case of multiple facial dog bite injuries treated surgically by primary closure of the wound and secondary revision with rotation flap after excision of partial necrotic tissue.
Accidents, Traffic ; Animals ; Child* ; Dogs* ; Facial Injuries ; Head ; Humans ; Wounds and Injuries

STUDY DESIGN: An experimental study. OBJECTIVES: To define the phases of chronic spinal cord injury by researching the changes in gene expression. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: The exact time of conversion from acute stage to chronic stage in spinal cord injury is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 18 month-old Beagle dogs as study subjects. Under spinal cord monitoring, we underwent laminectomy on thoracic vertebra 10 and 11, and induced cord injury by a weight-drop injury method. Dogs in each group with spinal cord injury and group without spinal cord injury on POD 1, 7, 30, and 90. The motor functions were evaluated using the Tarlov scale. Tissues were prepared from 0.5cm up and down from the 10th thoracic level. Additional cephalic and caudal lesions from the injured site were prepared. We have checked the differentially expressed gene(DEG). RESULTS: The mean Tarlov value was 0.67 which indicated a significant cord injury. 4 DEG (GP3, 9, 25, 34) were detected among 40 primers after screening, the detection percentage of which was 10. In the tissues of study subjects with spinal injury, DEG was found at the injury site and cephalic lesion. DEG expressed GP3, GP9 and GP34 started expression on day 30, and GP25 was expressed on day 90. CONCLUSIONS: According to the changes in gene expression, the day 30 would be considered as the date of conversion from acute to chronic phase of cord injury. Inhibiting secondary inflammatory change and apoptosis following spinal cord injury until this period would maximize the effect of chronic phase therapy such as cell-transplantation.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Dogs ; Gene Expression ; Laminectomy ; Mass Screening ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Injuries ; Spine

OBJECTIVEThis study was to establish an animal model to imitate facial nerves injury by explosion.

METHODSThe impact was simulated by detonator blast in the distance of 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm over the face of dogs under anesthesia and the edge injury of masseters were made by rifle-shot steel ball to imitate segment injury in real explosion. The dogs were killed after different time of injury and the heart, lung, brain and facial nerve were taken to observe the pathological changes in order to evaluating the wound effect in different distances.

RESULTSThe animal was injured severely in the distance of 5 cm and could not survive for a long time because of severe damage to brain, heart and lung. The dogs injured at 10 cm could survive after emergency treatment, and there was diffusing hemorrhage in edematous nerve trunk. In the distance of 15 cm, the dogs were injured slightly and, as the distance to the explosive source increased, the local wound became slighter. Under light microscope, the breakage and necrosis of facial nerve fibers could be widely observed, degenerative and necrotic neurons with infiltrating inflammatory cells could be found in the facial nerve nuclei as well.

CONCLUSIONThe dog's traumatic model established by impact wave and segment in this experiment is an appropriate animal model for the research of explosive effect on facial nerves because of its controllable and repeatable injuring conditions.

Animals ; Blast Injuries ; complications ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Facial Nerve Injuries ; etiology ; pathology ; Female ; Male

The patellar ligament angle (PLA) was assessed in 105 normal stifle joints of 79 dogs and 33 stifle joints of 26 dogs with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). The PLA of stifles with complete CrCL rupture was significantly lower than that of normal stifles, particularly at a flexion angle of 60~80degrees in both plain and stress views. If the PLA was <90.55degrees on the stress view with a 60~80degrees flexion angle, the dog was diagnosed with a complete rupture of the CrCL with a sensitivity of 83.9% and specificity of 100%. In conclusion, measuring the PLA is a quantitative method for diagnosing complete CrCL rupture in canines.
Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries/radiography ; Dogs/*injuries ; Patellar Ligament/physiology/*radiography ; Radiography/*veterinary ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture/veterinary

Rotator cuff injuries are the most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction. Ideal animal shoulder models should have similar shoulder anatomy and function as human, and are able to replicate the microenvironment change after tendon injury. At present, a variety of animal models including rat, mouse, rabbit, sheep, canine, bovine, and primate have been used to study the mechanism of rotator cuff injury, effects of different repair techniques, and factors affecting tendon to bone healing. Although large animal models are more anatomically similar to humans, small animal models are more convenient in revealing the biological mechanism of rotator cuff injury and healing. Choosing appropriate animal models based on research objectives and establishing new small animal models play a critical role in revealing the mechanism of rotator cuff diseases and developing novel treating strategies.
Animals ; Cattle ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rotator Cuff ; Rotator Cuff Injuries ; Sheep ; Tendon Injuries ; Wound Healing

Because no report has been issued on the healing effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on moderate to large fracture gaps, we performed an experimental study using acanineulna full-defect model. Ten mongrel male dogs were divided into two groups: a small defect group and large defect group. The defects were made on the middle one third of both ulnae and one side only was randomly selected for ultrasound sonication, at 1 MHz, 200 microsecond bursting sine wave in 50 mW/cm2 spacial average and temporal average. Sonication was started on the day after surgery and applied for 15 minutes once a day for six days a week. In the small defect group, the means of the radiologic scores, as described by Lane and Sandhu, were 0.6, 4.4, and 8.4 in the control side and 1.8, 6.0, and 10.4 in the treatment side one, three, and five months after the operation, respectively (p=0.0372). In the large defect model, the corresponding means were 2.2, 3.4, and 6.0 in the control side and 3.3, 5.4, and 9.2 in the treatment side (p= 0.009). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhanced new bone formation in small and large full-defects and decreased the incidence of nonunion in the large defect model.
Animal ; Dogs ; Fractures/*physiopathology/*therapy ; Male ; Ulna/*injuries/*physiopathology ; Ultrasonic Therapy/*methods ; Wound Healing/*radiation effects

Various energy devices had been used in thyroid surgery. Aim of study is to develop canine model for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury by harmonic scalpel and to evaluate feasibility of using this model for evaluating the safety use of harmonic scalpel during thyroid surgery. Nine dogs were divided into 3 groups according to distance between harmonic scalpel application and recurrent laryngeal nerve; group 1 (1 mm), 2 (2 mm), and 3 (3 mm). Vocal cord function was assessed pre- and postoperatively using video laryngoscopy. Harmonic scalpel was applied adjacent to left recurrent laryngeal nerve and, two weeks later, right recurrent laryngeal nerve at assigned distances. Recurrent laryngeal nerves were evaluated for subacute and acute morphologic changes. Laryngoscopy demonstrated 3 abnormal vocal cords in group 1, 1 in group 2, and no in group 3 (P=0.020). Subacute histologic changes were observed in nerves with abnormal function. Acute histologic changes were observed 5/8 (62.5%) in group 1, 1/7 (14.3%) in group 2, and not in group 3. We developed canine model for recurrent laryngeal injury. The functional outcomes matched with the histologic changes. These warrant further study to determine the safety margin for energy device in vicinity of recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Animals ; Dogs ; Laryngoscopy ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries ; Thyroid Gland ; Vocal Cords

OBJECTIVETo establish the animal model with unilateral alveolar cleft and its effect on the nose growth.

METHODS10 dogs were used. One side was selected to receive operation to create alveolar cleft, with the unoperated side as control side. The alveolar cleft was 10 mm in width. The dogs were harvested 10 weeks later. With the 3-D reconstruction of skull, cephalometric measurement was performed and analyzed with Amira software, the bilateral alar cartilage was dissected for comparison of cartilage growth.

RESULTSThe alveolar was not closed. The growth of alar cartilage on cleft side was poor, with asymmetric nostril. The lateral crus of alar on the cleft side was down-displaced. The nasal tip was deviated to the healthy side, with the columella to the cleft side. Histologic study showed better cartilage growth in healthy side than in cleft side.

CONCLUSIONSThe unnormal mechanical structure in unilateral alveolar cleft can affect the alar cartilage growth and nose shape. Early repair may improve the bony structure for alar development, as well as the soft tissue growth.

Alveolar Process ; injuries ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Nose ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo explore the efficacy of homemade hemostatics of injected gelatin matrix (HIGM) for immediately treating blunt hepatic trauma in canine model without additional pressure.

METHODSA total of 27 commercial hybrid dogs underwent celiotomy to establish hepatic trauma model after general anesthesia. The dogs were prospectively randomized into 3 groups: the treatment group (n=9, with the direct application of homemade hemostat), the positive control group (n=9, with thrombin solution), and the negative control group (n=9, with 0.9% normal saline). Time to hemostasis and intra-abdominal blood loss were recorded, and heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and hematological parameters were compared among these three groups. Gross examinations were performed 30 minutes after surgery.

RESULTSSignificantly shorter time to hemostasis [(1.20±0.33) min] and less blood loss [(47.22±8.61) ml] were observed in the treatment group than in control groups (P 0.05). No cases of bleeding occurred in any animals in the treatment group, and no signs of infection and adhesion formation were evident due to exposure to HIGM. Two cases in the positive control group (22.22%) were found to have rebleeding. All animals in the negative control group experienced visible bleeding.

CONCLUSIONHIGM is effective for controlling bleeding after hepatic trauma without the additional compression, and therefore may be valuable in field surgery.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Gelatin ; administration & dosage ; Hemostatics ; administration & dosage ; Injections ; Liver ; injuries