Bone graft is an important procedure in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction and the success of reconstruction depends on the survival of the grafted bone. In this study, the survival of the membranous inlay bone graft on the mandibles of dogs was investigated with bone scan and histologic examination. The inlay bone graft, 1x2cm critical-sized bone, was completely separated from the lower border of the mandible of dogs and then refixed to the original site. Bone scan and histologic examination were done at 1,2,3 and 4 weeks postoperatively. The bone scan after 1 week showed radioisotope uptake on the margin of the grafted bone and the isotope count was 21% compared to the uptake of the normal bone. After 2 weeks, the radioisotope uptake in the grafted bone increased to 52% of normal bone uptake. After 3 and 4 weeks, the degree of isotope uptake was 111% and 124% respectively. Histological findings after 1 week showed the absence of osteoblastic activity and 6 viable blood vessels in one 200X magnified field, which was 25% compared to the vessels of the normal bone. After 2 weeks, osteoblastic activities were noted and the number of viable blood vessels totalled 15, which was 63% of the vessels of the normal bone. After 3 weeks, osteoblastic activities increased and the number of viable blood vessels totalled 21, which was 88% of the vessels of the normal bone. After 4 weeks, there were markedly increased osteoblastic activities with a total number of 23 vessels, which was 96% of the normal bone. In summary, the revascularization of the membranous inlay bone graft began from the first week after bone graft, and then it gradually increased. After 3 weeks, the revascularization had returned to a nearly normal value compared with the value of the near-by normal mandibular bone.
Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Dogs ; Inlays* ; Mandible* ; Osteoblasts ; Reference Values ; Transplants*

OBJECTIVETo observe the changes of blood flow volume in mental artery of dog before and after osteocompression.

METHODS16 adult dogs were selected and the osteocompressors were fixed on the right buccal side of the mandible. The osteocompressor was used to compress the mandible 1.0 mm per 3 days for totally 15 days. On the 1st, 15th, 45th and 90th day after osteocompression, the 4 MHz prober of color Doppler flow imaging machine was put on the surface of the mucosa below which there was the mental artery. The color Doppler flow imaging was used to measure the blood flow volume in the mental artery of both experimental and control sides.

RESULTS1) The blood flow value in the mental artery was the lowest on the 15th day after osteocompression, however there was not significantly different before and after osteocompression. 2) Compared with the control, the blood flow value of the mental artery on the 1st day after experiment was significantly decreased. 3) Compared with the data before experiment, the deduction of the blood flow values between experimental side and control on the 1st, 15th and 45th day after osteocompression had significant differences. On the 90th day, the deduction of the blood flow value was similar to normal.

CONCLUSIONThe osteocompression influences blood flow volume in mental artery temporarily, however, the influence is reversible and can be recovered by times after osteocompression.

Animals ; Arteries ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Dogs ; Head ; Mandible

A chiral high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ibuprofen enantiomers in dog plasma. It was used to study the pharmacokinetics in the Beagle dog after intravenous administration of racemic-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen and R-ibuprofen. Ketoprofen was chosen as the internal standard. After a simple precipitation using methanol as the precipitating solvent, both analytes and IS were separated on a Kromasil 100-5CHI-TBB chiral column (250 mm x4.6 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic elution using acetonitrile - 20 mmol x L(-1) phosphate buffer (pH 3.0, containing 5% methanol) (6 : 4) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 220 nm. Liner calibration curves for both of the ibuprofen enantiomers were over the concentration range from 0.5 to 50 μg x mL(-1) with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 μg x mL(-1), the accuracies were all in standard ranges. The intra- and inter- assay precisions were all below 7%. The recovery rate was 93.1% to 100.4%. The experiments proved that the method was simple, rapid and sensitive. It can be used in the quantitative determination of ibuprofen enantiomers in dog plasma. The method was used to determine the concentration of ibuprofen enantiomers in Beagle dog plasma after a single intravenous administration of racemic-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen and R-ibuprofen (9 mg x kg(-1)) and the pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated based on the concentration-time curves. The C(max) of S-ibuprofen in Beagle dog plasma after a single intravenous administration of racemic-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen and R-ibuprofen were 30.8 ± 4.7, 46.1 ± 5.9 and 20.0 ± 2.6 μg x mL(-1), respectively. In terms of the exposure of active ingredient, it revealed a significant difference between the administration of S-ibuprofen and the other two groups. The systematical R- to S- chiral inversion was discussed. Comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters at different doses, chiral inversion were 70.1% ± 36.6% and 76.4% ± 36.2%, respectively, after intravenous administration of racemic- and R-ibuprofen. This study provides a theoretical basis for the safety of ibuprofen formula of injection drug.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dogs ; Ibuprofen ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Stereoisomerism

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of acute hypercarbia during endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is not rare when CO2 gas is used to collapse lung. Upper thoracic sympathectomy can increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hypercarbia also increases CBF. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in common carotid blood flow volume (CCBFV) before and after T2 thoracic sympathectomy at normocarbia and hypercarbia. METHODS: In nine anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs, we checked CCBFV using an ultrasonic flow probe under four experimental conditions: 1) before T2 sympathectomy at normocarbia, 2) before T2 sympathectomy at hypercarbia, 3) after T2 sympathectomy at normocarbia, and 4) after T2 sympathectomy at hypercarbia. We also measured heart rate, blood pressure and PaCO2 at each time. RESULTS: Hypercarbia increased CCBFV from 105.2 +/- 47.9 ml/min to 192.3 +/- 85.4 ml/min. In T2 sympathectomy/normocarbia state, CCBFV increased to 152.2 +/- 62.0 ml/min. In T2 sympathectomy/hypercarbia state, CCBFV increased to 230.2 +/- 100.1 ml/min. CCBFV in hypercarbia state, sympathectomy state and sympathectomy/hypercarbia state showed significant increases compared with those in baseline (P < 0.05). CCBFV in hypercarbia state and sympathectomy/hypercarbia state showed significant increases compared with those in sympathectomy state (P < 0.05). But CCBFV in hypercarbia state and sympathectomy/hypercarbia did not showed significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that hypercarbia increases CCBFV more than sympathetic denervation and thoracic sympathectomy under hypercarbia condition increases CCBFV more than sympathectomy only.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Dogs* ; Heart Rate ; Lung ; Sympathectomy* ; Ultrasonics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the patency rates and the histologic findings of neoendothelialization according to the diameter of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which is the most widely used synthetic graft for blood vessel. Under the operating microscope, grafts of 3 and 5mm in diameter were implanted in both femoral arteries of ten mongrel dogs by interrupted end-to-end microanastomosis. They were divided into two groups according to the diameter of implanted PTFE (3 and 5mm). Each group had five dogs. The lengths of implanted PTFE were 20mm in both groups. All implanted grafts were 25 urn in fibril length and 0.39mm in wall thickness. Two grafts from one dog were harvested at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation and all PTFE grafts were observed for patency rates. The histologic analysis was performed under a light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In conclusion, PTFE with larger diameter than that of recipient vessel is recommended as the grafts for implantation because PTFE is not as elastic as normal vessel.
Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Dogs* ; Femoral Artery ; Polytetrafluoroethylene* ; Transplants

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) on absorption kinetic parameters of rhubarb free anthraquinones.

METHODSEleven healthy Beagle dogs were randomly divided into the normal group (n = 6) and the SAP group (n = 5). The SAP animal model was prepared by surgery through portal vein blood channel building to collect blood from normal dogs and dogs with SAP. The free anthraquinones (20 mg/kg) was given by gastrogavage. The concentrations of five anthraquinones (aloe emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) in the blood plasma of the portal vein and the femoral artery were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The kinetic parameters were calculated using MATLAB2007B Software. The half life (t(1/2Ka)), the absorption peak time (Tmax), the peak concentration (Cmax), the area under the curve [AUC(0-infinity)], and the mean residence time (MRT) were calculated using the statistical moment method. The transport velocity of corresponding medicines from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood (ka) was calculated.

RESULTSThere was no difference in the chemical composition absorption type of the portal vein and the femoral artery between the two groups. Aloe emodin could be detected in the portal vein of each animal at each time point, and they were in the quantitative range. Rhein could be detected in the portal vein of each animal at each time point, and they were lower than the quantitative limit at few time points. Emodin and chrysophanol could be detected in the portal vein of partial animals at each time point, and most of them were higher than the quantitative limit. Physcion could be detected only in the portal vein of less animals at few time points. Rhein could be detected in the femoral artery at most time points, but the rhein plasma concentration at most time points were lower than the quantitative limit. Lower concentration of aloe emodin, emodin, and chrysophanol could be detected in the femoral artery at only few time points. Physcion was not detected in the femoral artery. The rhein plasma concentration of the femoral artery and the chrysophanol Cmax of the portal vein at 45 min were higher in the SAP group than in the normal group with statistical difference (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the rest indices. The AUC of rhein in the two groups were 59.32% and 66.07% of the total free anthraquinones respectively.

CONCLUSIONSSAP could not obviously affect the absorption kinetics parameters of rhubarb free anthraquinones. The intestinal tract and the liver might possibly play important roles in metabolizing or transforming rhubarb free anthraquinones.

Animals ; Anthraquinones ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Dogs ; Pancreatitis ; metabolism ; Rheum ; chemistry

The purpose of this study was to help examining force system, optimal treatment, and prevention of relapse. Orthodontic force was generated by electromagnets, therefore duration could be freely controlled, and applied for 4 days in dogs. Force magnitude was 200gm and 50gm. duration was contious and intermittent. Intermittent duration was divided into 2 kinds of types in on/off, 1 mininute/1 minute, 10 seconds/1 minute. The results were as follows: 1. In the intermittent group to which force was applied for 10 seconds and ceased for 1 minute, osteoclast was not observed. 2. In the intermittent group to which 200gm of force was applied for 1 minute and ceased for 1 minute, there was blood circulation in periodontal space on pressure side, but mild hyalinized zone was observed. 3. More number of total osteoclast was counted in the pressure side of continous group to which 200gm of force was applied than in any other groups. 4. More number of frontal osteoclast was counted in the pressure side of intermittent group to which 200gm was applied for 1 minute and ceased for 1 minute than in any other groups. 5. On tension side, less periodontal space widening, more new bone and secondary cementum formation were observed in the intermittent group to which force was applied for 1 minute and ceased for 1 minute than in the continous group.
Animals ; Blood Circulation ; Dental Cementum ; Dogs* ; Hyalin ; Magnets ; Osteoclasts ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes in the serum content of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) after burns or inhalation injury, and to explore its diagnostic significance.

METHODSTwenty-four dogs were randomized into 4 groups, i. e. A (n = 6, with moderate degree inhalation injury) , B ( n = 6, with severe inhalation injury), C (n = 6, with most severe inhalation injury) and D (n = 6, with severe burns) groups. The serum content of iCT and blood gas analysis before and after injury were determined at different time points. The degree of inhalation injury was determined with fibrobronchoscopic examination at 6 post-inhalation injury hour (PIH).

RESULTS(1) Fiber bronchoscopic examination showed that the degree of inhalation injury in each group was coincident with the anticipation. (2) The serum content of iCT in each group at 1 PIH was obviously higher than that before injury, and it was evidently higher in A, B and C groups than that in D group at 4 PIH. The peak value of iCT in group A at 24 PIH was (453+/-224) ng/L, and it increased gradually in B and C groups at 48 PIH. The serum content of iCT increased continually from 2 PIH on, and it reached (125+/-41) ng/L at 48 PIH. (3) Compared with PaO2 value before injury (109+/-8) mmHg, there was no obvious difference of the PaO, in A and D groups. PaO2 value in B and C group began to descend continually at 8 PIH (65+/-6) mmHg, and that in C group began to descend at 4 PIH (71+/-9) mmHg. PaCO2 value in C group began to increase at 24 PIH(52+/-11) mmHg when compared with that before injury(38+/-5 ) mmHg.

CONCLUSIONThe changes in the serum level of iCT within 8 PIH occurred much earlier than PaO2 and PaCO2, thus it has the same diagnostic significance as fibers bronchoscopic examination.

Animals ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Burns, Inhalation ; blood ; physiopathology ; Calcitonin ; blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs

OBJECTIVETo monitor the change of renin, endothelin and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha in canine during left ventricular assist (LVA).

METHODSEight canines were assisted by left assist ventricular device for 9 hours. The level of renin, endothelin and 6-keto-prostaglandin f1alpha in plasma were measured by radioimmunity analysis before assisting (control group) and at 3 hours, at 6 hours, at 9 hours after assisting.

RESULTSThe level of endothelin in plasma didn't dropped remarkably as LVA proceeded in which there was not differency in statistical diffency compared with control group[(51 +/- 11) ng/L, (42 +/- 8) ng/L, t = 0.926, P > 0.05]; The level of renin in plasma reached the summit at 3 hours during LVA compared with control group (3,036 +/- 1,411) ng/L, (1,783 +/- 467) ng/L, t = 5.013, P < 0.01) and later show dropping tendency without statistical differency at 9 hours (1 944 +/- 883) ng/L (t = 0.644, P > 0.05); The level of 6-keto-prostaglandin f1alpha in plasma at 3 hours during assisting increased remarkably [(75 +/- 17) ng/L, t = 1.411, P < 0.05), at 6 hours reached summit [(92 +/- 18)ng/L, t = 3.533, P < 0.01) and at 9 hours show dropping tendency with significant differency compared with control group (90 +/- 22) ng/L, t = 2.516, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDuring 9 hours LVA, endothelin didn't dropped remarkably compared with control group and the endothelium released renin with transient increase, prostaglandin with consistent increase.

Animals ; Dogs ; Endothelins ; blood ; Heart-Assist Devices ; Models, Animal ; Prostaglandins ; blood ; Renin ; blood ; Ventricular Function

We inserted the 0.6 mm caliber graft-heparin (in inner wall) conduits into the tailarteries of 14 mice. The results showed that the graft conduit could be used repeatedly with no blood oozing out in the wound, no massive internal hemorrhage, and no additional coagulative reagent given during the whole experiment. On the other hand, the graft-heparin conduits of variant caliber were inserted into the femur arteries of 4 rabbits and 4 dogs for blood pressure experiment and femur arterio-venous bypass tests. The results showed that the anticoagulative effect of these conduits was markedly improved, but there was a strip of thrombus. There was no thrombus track in the wall of the conduit. The strip of thrombus was formed first in the cone of conduit where caliber changed. The results indicate that the blood flow resistance is in inverse proportion to 4 power of the conduit radius. So the thinner the conduit is, the more sensitive to conduit radius variation the conduit resistance will be. In studying and making the arfificial conduit, one must take notice of the conduit caliber, which should be equal to the caliber of the blood vessel.
Animals ; Anticoagulants ; administration & dosage ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Dogs ; Heparin ; administration & dosage ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Regional Blood Flow