No abstract available.
Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

BACKGROUND: Corrosive irritants can be defined as irritants which in provoked weak reactions or subclinical reactions induce impairment of the water barrier function and increase of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) while non-corrosive irritants can be defined as irritancy of low degree but with no increase of TEWL. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as the standard example of corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) is an example of a noncorrosive irritant. OBJECT: This study was done to evaluate the skin irritation and recovery by corrosive and non-corrosive irritant in normal human subjects. METHODS: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5% solution of SLS and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50% solution of NAA were applied on volar forearm skin in 15 normal healthy subjects. TEWL and Erythema index (E-index) were measured at before (BL), 30 minutes (D0), 1st day (D1), 2nd day (D2), 1st week (W1), 2nd week (W2), 3rd week (W3) after the removal of the patches. RESULTS: Increase of TEWL was accelerated according to concentrations in cases of SLS, whereas increase of TEWL according to concentrations was very weak in cases of NAA. SLS induced a significantly higher TEWL increase than NAA at corresponding concentrations. In both SLS and NAA, E-index was increased according to concentrations with no difference in reaction pattern. SLS and NAA induced similar degrees of E-index at corresponding concentrations. TEWL value was highest at 30 minutes and 1 day after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. TEWL was recovered to baseline value at 2 weeks after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, at 3 weeks after removal of the patch in case of high concentrations. E-index value was highest at 30 minutes, 1 day, and 2 days after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. The period of recovery to baseline varied depending on the concentrations. E-index was recovered to baseline value at 1 day after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, and was not recovered to baseline value after 3 weeks in case of high concentrations. CONCLUSION: Corrosive irritant, SLS, showing similar degree of erythema with non-corrosive irritant, NAA, induced much more damage to stratum corneum barrier function at corresponding concentrations. Skin injuries induced by corrosive irritants would need more prolonged recovery time than skin injuries by non-corrosive irritants, and TEWL measurement would be even more sensitive than E-index measurement in case of corrosive irritants, while both TEWL and E-index measurement could be useful in case of non-corrosive irritants.
Erythema ; Forearm ; Humans ; Irritants* ; Patch Tests ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Mefenamic acid is a potent analgesic possessing both anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. It is completely absorbed one to two hours after intake. Majority of patients however, expect relief of pain within 15 minutes. A new oral mefenamic acid containing sodium lauryl sulfate with a dissolution rate of 98 per cent in 15 minutes has been introduced. This phase 4 clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the onset of pain relief upon administration of mefenamic acid 500 mg combined with sodium lauryl sulfate. The study was an open, noncomparative clinical trial. Physicians all over the Philippines were asked to fill up a standard 3-page case report form. A total of 2,617 patients with a mean age of 36 years were enrolled. Forty two per cent were males and fifty eight per cent were females. Seventy per cent of patients took the drug every 6-8 hours. Majority (78.38%) reported complete resolution of pain (54.3%) of which occurred within 15 minutes, increasing to 84.93% within 30 minutes). Only 1.12 per cent showed no response. Forty one patients (1.57%) reported minor adverse reactions, majority of whose conditions improved with withdrawal of the drug. The overall assessment of clinical response was very good to excellent in 77.66 percent of patients.(Author)

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Mefenamic Acid ; Antipyretics ; Dodecyl Sulfate ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Analgesics ; Pain ; Anti-inflammatory Agents ; Pain Management

It is desirable to use more safe, objective, non-invasive method than visual scoring for the evaluation of irritation reaction and determine the optimum eoncentration of sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) as a positive irritant control in routine patch test. In this study, SLS was applied to the volar forearm of ll non-atopic, healthy volunteers in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0% under occlusion for 24h. The blood flow in test sites exposed to SLS was tecorded by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The test sites were scored visually and the skin blood flow was measured at 24h, 48h, and 72h after the application of FiLS. We obtained the following results,' 1. There was a good correlation between visual scoring and skin blood flow using LDV(p = 0.4547). 2. 5.0% SLS could be used as a positive irritant control in routine patch test (p<0,05).
Forearm ; Healthy Volunteers ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry* ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

BACKGROUND: Several keratolytic agents have been used in many dirmatologic conditions such as callus, keratosis palmaris of plantaris, however the evaluation method of the effects of keratolytiic agents has not been good enough in clinical use. OBJECT: We have conducted an investigation to measure the effect of several keratolytic agents using an in vitro model. METHOD: We measured the fegraded protein of keratin by the bui iet method after adding enzymes such as trypsin, pepsin and papain, and irritants, salicylic acid and sodii m lauryl sulfate to the collected callus. RESULT: The order of the keratolytic effect of the enzymes was trypsir >pepsin>papain. It was difficult to detect the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid becaues of color hiidrance and there was an increasing tendency of keratolyti effect of sodium lauryl sulfate, however it was prominent mainly at a high concentration. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the potency of similar types of keratolytic enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin and papain can be possible. However it was not such a sitable model to check the potency of the keratolytic effect of salicylic acid and the eoncentration tevel may be an important factor for certain kinds of chemicals such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
Bony Callus ; Irritants* ; Keratolytic Agents ; Keratosis ; Papain ; Pepsin A ; Salicylic Acid ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Trypsin

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cleaning solutions on saliva-contaminated zirconia in comparison to air-abrasion in terms of resin bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For saliva-contaminated airabraded zirconia, seven cleaning methods)-no contamination (NC), water-spray rinsing (WS), additional airabrasion (AA), and cleaning with four solutions (Ivoclean [IC]; 1.0 wt% sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS], 1.0 wt% hydrogen peroxide [HP], and 1.0 wt% sodium hypochlorite [SHC])-were tested. The zirconia surfaces for each group were characterized using various analytical techniques. Three bonded resin (Panavia F 2.0) cylinders (bonding area: 4.5 mm2) were made on one zirconia disk specimen using the Ultradent jig method [four disks (12 cylinders)/group; a total of 28 disks]. After 5,000 thermocycling, all specimens were subjected to a shear bond strength test with a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute. The fractured surfaces were observed using an optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Contact angle measurements showed that groups NC, AA, IC, and SHC had hydrophilic surfaces. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed similar elemental distributions between group AA and groups IC and SHC. Groups IC and SHC showed statistically similar bond strengths to groups NC and AA (P>.05), but not groups SDS and HP (P<.05). For groups WS, SDS, and HP, blister-like bubble formations were observed on the surfaces under SEM. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, some of the cleaning solutions (IC or SHC) were effective in removing saliva contamination and enhancing the resin bond strength.
Dental Bonding ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Photoelectron Spectroscopy ; Saliva ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Sodium Hypochlorite

Orientia tsutsugamushi, a causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular parasite. The mechanisms by which O. tsutsugamushi invade host cells are unknown. Given the importance of surface-exposed proteins in the pathogenesis of microbial pathogens, outer membrane proteins (OMP) of O. tsutsugamushi were extracted with detergents and their cellular binding was studied. Outer membrane fraction of O. tsutsugamushi was enriched by a sodium-lauryl sarcosinate (Sarkosyl) treatment of total membranes. Outer membrane proteins were extracted by the treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Sarkosyl. The resulting soluble fractions were examined for their cellular binding by the immunofluorescence microscopy. A fifty six kilodalton protein was found to bind to fixed ECV304 cells only when the outer membrane preparation was not treated by DTT or heat. These results suggest that the conformation the 56-kDa OMP is important for the attachment to the host cell surfaces.
Detergents ; Hot Temperature ; Membrane Proteins* ; Membranes* ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Orientia tsutsugamushi* ; Parasites ; Scrub Typhus ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

BACKGROUND: The main function of the stratum corneum is to serve as a barrier preventing the penetration of irritants and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Previous studies have shown that the cutaneous barrier disruption by application of acetone or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and tape stripping leads to various metabolic changes. Recent studies showed that there was some difference in the recovery rate between tape-stripped groups and acetone-treated groups, and an individual irritant not only exerted rather specific morphologic effects on the cellular components of the keratinocyte but also induced distinct morphological alterations of the different components of the stratum corneum. In other words, this data suggested that individual irritants could show different cutaneous barrier recoveries. OBJECTIVE: This study was done to compare the recovery rate after cutaneous barrier disruption between a tape-stripped group and a SLS irritated group, and to test the relationship among baseline TEWL, TEWL after the SLS irritation, recovery of TEWL, and number of strippings needed to increase TEWL up to 20g/m2/h. METHODS: The permeability barrier of normal human skin was disrupted by tape stripping and patch of SLS and the recovery rate was assessed by measure of TEWL and erythema (E-) index. RESULTS: The number of tape strippings needed to increase TEWL up to 20g/m2/h was 32.7+-9.6 (20-50). The recovery rate of TEWL was 56.85+-17.97% twenty-four hours after tape stripping and 51.55+/-24.73% after patch removal, and 82.70+/-8.70% and 76.61+/-11.14% four days after tape stripping and patch removal. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate of TEWL after the two methods of epidermal barrier perturbation. All the correlations among baseline TEWL, TEWL after the SLS irritation, recovery of TEWL, and number of strippings were not significant statistically. E-index after the tape stripping was 12.07+/-2.95 and higher than that after removal of SLS, 11.20+/-2.51. There was irregular recovery of E-index in the SLS irritated group, but not irregular in the tape-stripped group. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate between the two groups. CONCLUSION:There was no significant difference in the recovery rates of TEWL and E-index between the tape-stripped group and the SLS irritated group. We suggest that TEWL measurements may be more desirable than the measurement of E-index in the study of perturbation and recovery of the skin barrier function.
Acetone ; Erythema ; Humans ; Irritants ; Keratinocytes ; Permeability ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

Irritant skin reactions can be evaluated by several techniques. Using different scores for the degree of erythema, edema, scaling and fissuring is the time-honored approach but implies t,he disadventagrs of lacking objectivity and pararretric properties. This paper describes the objective nteasurement of irritant. skin responses to various concentrations of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) and Ethanol by a color reflectance meter(Chroma Meter) and compares with visual scoring The results are summarized as follows : 1. Pretreatment assessments by a Chroma Meter on normal forearm area showed an average score of 7.70+1.53 for Chroma Meter value a*(rediies:; score). 2. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hours were assessed by visual scoring system. They are measured 0.56+1.10, 0.74+1.29, 1.19 1.36, 2.11+1.69, 2.19+1.91, 2.56+1.50 2.81+2.16 respectively. 3. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hour were assessed by a Chroma Meter valu a*(redness score). They are measured 8.29+1.98, 8.37+2.47, 9.31+2.27, 10.34+2.97, 10.35+3.18, 10.51+2.47, 11.61+3.45 respectively. 4. Skin responses to Ethanol in various concentrations were nearly negligible. 5. We have demonstrated there is a highly significant correlation between skin redness measured by the Chroma Meter and visually assessed erypthma(p<0.0001). It yields reproducible, objective, quantitative measurements of iryhema that parallel the subjective visual assessments.
Edema ; Erythema* ; Ethanol* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Male ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

Five volunteers received patch tests with 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SIS) in solutions of differing pH. The irritant effect was monitored by visual scoring as well as by a laser Doppler vlelocimeter, evaporimeter, cutometer, and colorimeter. The non-invasive methods used in this study with the exception of the cutometer were effective in the evaluation of skin irritation. No significant differences in the skin responses to SIS in different pH solutions were found either clinically or by the non-invasive methods used for quantification. It was concluded that the pH of SIS is not a major factor in the degree of skin irritation produced by SIS.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Volunteers