We are calling the erupting ground water as drug water or mineral water in Korea and thinking those water and food making water. Authors tried to investigate the evidence of contamination by user on the 10 erupting ground water and gained following results: 1. All of the mineral waters on 10 area in Seoul were unfittable to drinking water standard. 2. In the view of the bacteriology 80% were contaminated by coliform group. 3. The highest value of the free carbon dioxide contents were 652.96 ppm at Sam Sun Mineral Water.
Bacteriology ; Carbon Dioxide ; Drinking Water ; Groundwater ; Korea ; Mineral Waters* ; Seoul* ; Solar System ; Thinking ; Water

No abstract available.
Dilatation* ; Mammary Arteries* ; Transplants*

Posterior urethral valve is the most common obstructive abnormality in male children affecting both Kidneys and likely arise from maldevelopment of the mesonephric duct. We report a case of posterior urethral valve in 4 year old male child with brief review of literature.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Kidney ; Male ; Wolffian Ducts

The incidence of conjoined twins is so rare that few anesthesiologists have an opportunity of managing them. Especially in Korea, there are only a few reports describing the anesthetic management for surgical separation of newborn conjoined twins. We experienced the successful anesthetic management for surgical separation of thoraco-xiphopagus conjoined twins without any particular problems. After applying the noninvasive monitors (ECG, pulse oximeter), one of the twins (twinA) with congenital heart disease was administered with intravenous ketamine for induction of anesthesia and intubated without neuromuscular blocker. Anesthesia was maintained with N2O-O2 and hand ventilation using Mapleson D breathing circuit. After maintaining airway of the twinA, the twinB was intubated and maintained with the same manner. Eighteen days after the separation procedure, the twinA with congenital heart disease died and the other one, twinB has been alive with normal growth and development.
Anesthesia ; Growth and Development ; Hand ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Ketamine ; Korea ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Respiration ; Twins, Conjoined* ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of an infection control program on the Clonorchis sinensis (CS) infection ratio, CS-related knowledge and health behavior of people living near the Geum River. METHOD: A one-group pretest-posttest design was used with 102 participants. For 12 months the participants were provided with promotion announcements, health education, counseling, and medication. Outcome variables measured were the CS infection ratio by stool examination, CS-related knowledge and health behavior from self-report questionnaires. The pre intervention data were collected from January to February 2008 and the post intervention data during the same period in 2009. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, generalized estimating equation analysis, and paired t-test with SPSS for Windows version 15.0. RESULTS: In the pre test 21 of the 102 participants showed infection with CS for the first time. In the post test 9 were newly infected with CS, and one was re-infected. The CS-related knowledge was significantly improved after the infection control program (p<0.05). The CS-related health behaviors did not improve. CONCLUSION: These results showed that an infection control program is effective in decreasing CS infection ratio and improving CS-related knowledge of people living near the river.
Clonorchis sinensis ; Counseling ; Geum ; Health Behavior ; Health Education ; Infection Control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rivers

No abstract available.
Humans ; Osteochondrodysplasias*

Background: Some epidemiological studies have indicated that weather and air pollution can cause adverse health conditions and that these effects can exhibit regional variation. The prevalence of headache is so high and it is a common cause of morbidity. Therefore, this study evaluated whether weather and air pollution were associated with the prevalence of headaches. Methods: A symmetric bidirectional case-crossover design was applied, using conditional logistic regression models to determine the association between headaches and weather and air pollution. From January 2006 to August 2007, a total of 245 patients with headaches were recruited. Headache subtypes were classifi ed as migraine, tension-type headaches, and others. Meteorological data (average temperature and relative humidity) and values related to air pollutants (CO, NO2 , O3 , SO2 , and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm) were obtained. Results: Higher average temperatures were associated with the total number of headaches (hazard ratio 1.124-1.130; P<0.001). With regard to headache subtype, O3 seems to provoke headaches, especially those related to tension and those listed as other headache varieties. Conversely, other pollutants, especially CO and SO2 , showed the opposite association. Conclusions: These fi ndings indicated that temperature and some air pollutants are able to affect headaches, suggesting that weather and air pollution levels seem to have an effect on the risk of headache.

PURPOSE: Balloon valvuloplasty(BVP) is the treatment of choice for valvular pulmonary stenosis (PS). However, this procedure was usually performed in children older than 2 years. The purpose of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of BVP in young infants. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the medical records of 25 infants younger than 6 months of age who received BVP for PS including critical PS between July 1991 and September 1997 were evaluated. RESULTS: The arterial oxygen saturation before and after procedure was 76.7% and 90.0%, respectively(P<0.001). Transvalvar pressure gradients measured with continuous wave Doppler echocardiography changed from 103.2+/-27.1mmHg to 34.8+/-14.4mmHg(P<0.001) and 29.3+/-15.9 mmHg after 6 months(P=0.075). The systolic pressure ratio of right and left ventricle before and after procedure was decreased from 1.40+/-0.4 to 0.74+/-0.3(P<0.001). Successful gradient relief was achieved with initial BVP in 21 out of 25 infants. There was one procedural death and one emergency surgery after BVP. Four of the 23 remaining patients required repeated BVP. CONCLUSION: Balloon valvuloplasty in young infants is a safe and effective procedure. In patients with symptomatic severe PS, balloon valvuloplasty should be recommended at an early age.
Balloon Valvuloplasty* ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Emergencies ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Infant ; Medical Records ; Oxygen ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis* ; Retrospective Studies