No abstract available.
Somatoform Disorders*

No abstract available.
Pilomatrixoma* ; Vaccination*

We evaluated the result of treating myopia and compound myopic astigmatism in 50 eyes using the SCMD turbokeratotome and Visx 20/20 excimer laser with vision key card system. Manifest and cycloplegic refraction, uncorrectedand spectacle corrected visual acuity, corneal topography, pachymetry, slit lamp microscopy, fundus examination, and applanation tonometry were recorded preoperatively and at 1 week, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The mean spherical epuivalent was changed from -9.1+/-2.47D to -1.37+/-1.28D at 3 month after surgery. 93.3% of eyes had uncorrected visualacuity of 20/40 or better at 3 months follow-up. No eye had visually significant ecntral cornealhaze. Complications such as over- or under correction, interface metallic debris, astigmatism, corneal erosion, incomplete flap, and total cutted flap were occurred. Conclusively, LASIK has good resuls but it is not complication-free procedure, and there is definitely a learning curve.
Astigmatism ; Corneal Topography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Lasers, Excimer ; Learning Curve ; Manometry ; Microscopy ; Myopia ; Visual Acuity

INTRODUNTION: The objective of the present study was to investigate bedtime, rise time and time-in-bed of Korean college students, separately on weekday and on weekend and to compare them. In addition, this study also aimed to evaluate the influence of gender, age and grade on the above sleep parmeters in Korean college students. METHODS: Information regarding bedtime and rise time, separately on weekday and on weekend, of Korean college students were obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Questionnaires of 1,825 students (1,416 females and 409 males, age 18-30 ; mean age 21.1+/-2.2) were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Korean college students retired to bed 50 minutes later (00 : 49 on weekday ; 01 : 40 on weekend ; t=39.67, p<0.001), rose 1 hour 58 minutes later (07 : 52 on weekday ; 09 : 50 on weekend ; t=39.46, p<0.001), and slept 1 hour 8 minutes longer (t=13.33, p<0.001) on weekend. Compared to male students, female students had earlier rise time (t=8.96, p<0.01 ; t=3.89, p<0.01) and earlier bedtime both on weekday and weekend (t=7.10, p<0.01; t=6.04, p<0.01), and shorter time-in-bed on weekday (t=1.99, p<0.01). In addition, rise time delay and time-in-bed increase on weekend were more prominent in female students than in male students (t=3.41, p<0.01 ; t=3.68, p<0.01). Grade was correlated with bedtime and rise time on weekday (beta=0.1022, p<0.01 ; beta=0.1009, p<0.01), bedtime and time-in-bed on weekend (beta=0.1096, p<0.01 ; beta=-0.0990, p<0.01), and differences between weekday and weekend of the rise time and the time-in-bed (beta=-0.0906, p<0.01 ; beta=-0.1115, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, Korean college students had earlier bedtime/rise time and shorter time-in-bed on weekday than on weekend. These findings suggest that weekday sleep-wake schedule of Korean college students may be advanced relative to their biological sleep-wake cycle and that this discrepancy may be associated with weekday sleep deprivation. In addition, differences of sleep patterns between weekday and weekend were more prominent in female students and students with lower grade. Therefore, discrepancy between weekday sleep-wake schedule and biological sleep-wake cycle, as well as weekday sleep deprivation, might be more serious in female or lower-grade students.
Appointments and Schedules ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sleep Deprivation

BACKGROUND: Nail lacquer strengthens and protects the nail plate by preventing excess loss of moisture and providing a hard surface. On the other hand, it may produce allergic contact and irritant dermatitis, paronychial and nail bed inflammation and infection, dystrophic nails and onycholysis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of the nail lacquer on the barrier function of the nail. METHODS: The study populatian consisted of 25 healthy young subjects who had not applied the nail lacquer to the nail for the last 3 months. Nail lacquer was applied to the left thumb and middle fingernail for 6 weeks and then removed by acetone. Transonychial water loss(TOWL) of the treated left fingernails and the untreated corresponding right fingernails was measured with an Evaporimeter. Lipids of the nails were extracted from distal nail cuttings and analysed by thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: 1. Before application of the nail lacquer, there was no difference in TOWL between the left and right fingernails while the TOWL of the thumb nail was higher than that of the middle fingernail with a statistical significance(p<0.05). 2. The TOWL of the left fingernails, measured 1 day, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after application of the nail lacquer, was lower than that of the untreated right fingernails with a statistical significance( p< 0.05). 3. The TOWL of the left fingernails, measured 1, 3 and 7 days after removal of the nail lacquer by acetone, was not different statistically from that of the untreated right fingernails. 4. Lipid analysis demonstratcd that the cholesterol content was higher in the left fingernail which had been covered with nail lacquer than in the untreated right fingernail. 5. There was no clinical adverse effect observed during application of the nail lacquer or after removal of it. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, nail lacquer has some occlusive effects on transonychial water evaporatior . Because increased cholesterol content may be due to perturbations of barrier function , further studies of the effect of the nail lacquer on the barrier function of the nail will be needed.
Acetone ; Cholesterol ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Dermatitis, Irritant ; Hand ; Inflammation ; Lacquer* ; Nails ; Onycholysis ; Thumb

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Corpus Striatum* ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptides* ; Rats*

No abstract available.

The calcar femorale is a specific anatomic entity which is often confused with the medial trabecular system or posteromedial cortex of the neck of the femur. The clinical significance of its architecture is evident when one considers the great number of operative procerdures performed in the upper end of the femur. This study deals with 45 cases of the Korean Dry femur(male: 27, female: 12, useless: 6) and two pairs of the femur from the cadavers. The authors observed the three dimensional structure of the calcar femorale and studied the relation between anteversion and calcar femorale. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The calcar femorale was a vertical plate of the thickened bone that lay deep to the lesser trochanter. The length in the vertical axis of the calcar femorale was 44.82±3.59mm. The calcar femorale was thickest medially where it joins the medial trabecular system of the femoral neck (maximal thickness: 2.65±0.65, width: 8.90±1.82mm). 2. The calcar femorale lay in one plane, which inclined 30.02±7.80 degree to the discondylar axis of the femur. By using this inclination of the calcar plane, it could be best visualized with about 60° external rotation of femur in a simple X-ray. 3. The angle between the calcar plane and the diacondylar axis was proportionate to the anteversion of the femoral neck. Correlation coefficient(r=0.80) was calculated. The regression line of y (anteversion) on x(calcar angle) was y=0.75X−8.53(slope). With this proportion, the angle of the femoral anteversion could be determined. 4. Microscopic features of the calcar femorale was revealed in the scanning electron microscopic studies. The medial side of the calcar was a cortical extension and it became thinner posterolaterally and than it was composed of fused or thickened trabeculae.
Cadaver ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Femur ; Humans ; Neck

Background: Mobile applications are useful in the field of dermatology as diagnosis and treatment are based on visual inspection. However, in Korea, dermatology-related applications have not been developed effectively despite the high rate of mobile internet usage. In addition, there is no report on the current trends of dermatology-related mobile application. Objective: This study aimed to identify and categorize the available dermatology-related mobile application and compare the current trends in Korea with those in the US. Methods: Eight dermatologic terms were queried in two mobile platforms, Android and iOS. Applications were categorized by function based on their description. The number of reviews, rating, provider, target audience, and price of applications were recorded. Results: A total of 213 dermatology-related applications were identified. Approximately 10.8% of the applications were related to skin diseases, 23.5% were related to skin care, and 65.7% were others. Among the applications related to skin diseases, 4.2% were self-surveillance/diagnosis apps, 3.3% were disease guide and reference apps, and 1.4% were dermoscopy apps. No applications were related to educational aid and photography search. Among the applications related to skin care, 12.7% were self-surveillance/diagnosis apps used for general skin care, 3.8% were skin care apps, and 2.8% were cosmetics apps. Other categories included shopping (24.9%), advertisements (15.0%), and hospital searches (15.0%). Conclusion The development and use of dermatology mobile applications can contribute to the efficient delivery of accurate information to patients, educate patients, and further reduce the prevalence of skin diseases. Therefore, dermatologists should play a leading role in presenting the direction for dermatology-related mobile application development.

OBJECTIVES: Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) has been debated with regard to its clinical significance and diagnostic criteria. The current diagnostic criterion for PLMD in adults has been changed from periodic limb movement index (PLMI) > 5/ hour to PLMI > 15/hour by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in polysomnographic sleep variables according to PLMI and to determine the relevance of the diagnostic criterion for PLMD. METHODS: Out of 4195 subjects who underwent standard polysomnography, we selected 666 subjects (370 males and 296 females, aged 47.1 ± 14.8) who were older than 17 years and were not diagnosed with primary insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, or REM sleep behavior disorder. Subjects were divided into three groups according to PLMI severity: group 1 (PLMI ≤ 5), group 2 (5 < PLMI ≤ 15), and group 3 (PLMI > 15). Demographic and polysomnographic sleep variables and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences among the three groups in age and gender. Sleep efficiency (SE) and stage 3 sleep percentage in group 1 were significantly higher than those in groups 2 and 3. The wake after sleep onset (WASO) score in group 1 was significantly lower than those in groups 2 and 3. However, there were no significant differences in SE, stage 3 sleep percentage, or WASO between groups 2 and 3. Sleep latency (SL) in group 1 was significantly lower than that in group 3, but there was no difference in SL between group 2 and group 3. ESS score in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 3, but there was no difference between group 2 and group 3. Partial correlation analysis adjusted by age showed that PLMI was significantly related to SE and WASO. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that PLMI influences polysomnographic sleep variables. In addition, we found the individuals who did not have PLMD but had PLMI > 5 were not different in polysomnographic sleep variables from the individuals who had PLMD according to the current criterion. These results raise questions about the relevance of the current diagnostic criterion of PLMD.
Adult ; Classification ; Extremities* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Narcolepsy ; Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome ; Polysomnography ; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sleep Wake Disorders