No abstract available.
Animals ; Cisplatin* ; Ditiocarb* ; Epithelium* ; Mice* ; Tongue*

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of the superoxide radical on rat whole bladder contractility with duroquinone (superoxide radical generator, Dq) and diethyldithiocarbamate (superoxide dismutase inhibitor, DETCA), and the effects of ginseng saponin (GS) against superoxide radical injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isometric tension changes of isolated rat whole bladders were recorded in an organ bath using a force transducer. The acute effects of Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA were assessed on resting tension, electrical field stimulation, and bethanechol-, ATP-, and KCl-induced contraction. The effects of Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA in the presence of sodium nitroprusside and GS were investigated. RESULTS: The resting tension of the muscle was not changed by Dq and Dq preincubated with DETCA. Dq had a harmful effect on only ATP- and KCl-induced detrusor contraction, whereas Dq pretreated with DETCA attenuated the induction of detrusor contraction which was reduced in response to the exogenous NO including GS. In the presence of L-NAME, the effects of GS reduced the Dq-induced inhibition on the detrusor contractility. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the superoxide radical may be the cause of voiding difficulty. GS, as a NO synthesis stimulator, seems to act as a scavenger of the superoxide anion. However further study on the effect of each subfraction of GS is needed for clinical application.
Animals ; Baths ; Ditiocarb ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Nitroprusside ; Panax* ; Rats* ; Saponins* ; Superoxides* ; Transducers ; Urinary Bladder*

BACKGROUND: The patch test is widely used for diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. However, nearly half of positive reactions can be observed only on day 2 or day 4 and it is difficult to interpret these reactions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of transient and delayed reactions in TRUE-test and detect common antigens that provoke these reactions. METHODS: A total of 311 patients with allergic contact dermatitis were evaluated by TRUE-test between Jan 2007 and December 2011. Records of patch test results of day 2 and day 4 were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: A total 311 cases of T.R.U.E. TEST(R) records (male 79, female 232) were analyzed. Persistent reactions were observed in 80.1% patients tested, transient reactions were observed in 18.3%, and delayed reaction in 5%. Frequent allergens which showed transient reactions were cobalt dichloride (2.9%), nickel sulfate (2.2%), thiomersal (1.9%), and carba mix (1.6%), in order of frequency. Allergens which showed delayed reactions were nickel sulfate (0.3%), fragrance mix (0.3%), p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (0.43). CONCLUSION: Our results showed a relatively high frequency of transient reaction in T.R.U.E. TEST(R). This suggests that additional reading at day 4 in the patch test would be of value.
Allergens ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Ditiocarb ; Female ; Formaldehyde ; Guanidines ; Humans ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Resins, Synthetic ; Thimerosal

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trichloroethylene (TCE) metabolism, acute toxicity, and the effects of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) on the acute toxicity in TCE-intoxicated rats. METHODS: TCE was administered orally at doses of 600, 1,200 and 2,400 mg/kg of body weight following pretreatment with either saline or 500 mg/kg of DDTC. 12 hours after administration of TCE, the concentrations of TCE, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCEOH) in the blood and solid organs, and the histopathological changes in each organ were examined. RESULTS: The level of CYP2E1 markedly decreased in the DDTC-pretreated groups. The CYP2E1 content in the TCE-treated rats increased in a dose-dependent manner. The concentrations of TCE and TCEOH were highest in the liver, and the level of TCA was highest in the blood. The DDTC-pretreated rats had a markedly increased level of TCE and decreased levels of TCA and TCEOH, than the rats pretreated with saline. These findings indicated that CYP2E1 was important in the metabolism of TCE. From the histopathological findings, centrilobular necrosis was observed in the livers of the TCE-treated rats, but no significant change was found in those rats pretreated with DDTC. CONCLUSIONS: DDTC is considered to be effective in protecting TCE-induced hepatic damage because it inhibits the TCE metabolism.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 ; Ditiocarb* ; Liver ; Metabolism* ; Necrosis ; Protective Agents ; Rats ; Trichloroacetic Acid ; Trichloroethylene*

A polyetherurethane (PU) film containing 0.1% zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) is the international standard reference material for testing the in vitro cytotoxicity of polymer based biomaterials. Nowadays, culturing L929 or BALB/3T3 cells in direct contact or in an extract dilution condition is the most frequently using method for evaluating the cytotoxicity from biomaterials and medical devices. However, the results often vary, because it is directly related to the cellular functions and the mechanism of the toxicity of the contacting cells. In this study, 13 cell lines originating from various tissues were used to detect the cytotoxic activities of a PU film containing 0.1% ZDEC (PU-ZDEC). The correlation between the reactivity zone size and the relative cytotoxicity by quantifying the released total protein from each cell in the direct contact testing method was investigated. Hepa-1c1c7 cells demonstrated the highest sensitivity in the reactivity zone size, while CHO/dhFr(-) cells were the most sensitive in terms of the relative cytotoxicity. A correlation between the two processes in each cell line was not found (r=-0.478). In the extract dilution method, which involved cultivating the cells in the medium with various ZDEC concentrations prepared by diluting the PU incubation, the cytotoxicity increased with increasing ZDEC concentration in all cell lines. The BALB/ 3T3 cells demonstrated the highest sensitivity in the extract dilution method. No correlation in a comparison of the relative cytotoxicity from the direct contact method with the extract dilution method in each cell line, was found (r=-0.445). In this experiment, Hepa-1c1c7, BALB/3T3, CHO/dhFr(-) and L-929 cells among the 13 types of cell lines were the sensitive cell lines according to the two methods. The preliminary results suggest that a comparison of at least one or more cytotoxicity testing methods and many cell lines is necessary for an in vitro cytotoxicity test of biomaterials.
Animal ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Ditiocarb/*toxicity ; Hamsters ; Human ; Mice ; Polyurethanes/*toxicity ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Toxicology/*methods

PURPOSE: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Since the 1990s, chemotherapy was indicated for intraocluar disease to reduce the frequency of enucleation and spare the complications associated with external beam radiation. In this study, we analyzed treatment results of retinoblastoma in our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Datas from children diagnosed with retinoblastoma and treated at Seoul National University Children's Hospital between 1986 and 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. We utilized cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, and methotrexate (CVAM) for OPD-based adjuvant chemotherapy. From 1990, primary chemotherapy was administered to patients with intraocular disease for eyeball-saving and patients received a combination of etoposide, vincristine, cisplatin (or ifosfamide) as a moderately intensive regimen, or a combination of cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and cycophosphamide (CDEC) as a highly intensive regimen. RESULTS: One hundred eighteen children were analyzed. There were 68 unilateral and 50 bilateral diseases. The median age at diagnosis was 1 year and ReeseEllsworth stage V was the most common stage at the time of diagnosis. All patients were treated by chemotherapy-based multimodality methods, and primary chemotherapy was administered to 80 patients. The 10-year overall and event-free survival rate of all patients were 93.9% and 91.6%, respectively. Two patients who died were in the CDEC regimen group, but there was no significant statistical difference in survival rates by chemotherapy regimens. Fifty-six of 114 eyeballs were saved after primary chemotherapy-based treatment, and the eyeball-saving rate was 49.1%. Six patients relapsed after enucleation and 2 patients were treated successfully after autologous PBSCT. Osteosarcoma occurred in 2 patients as a secondary malignancy, and facial asymmetry after radiotherapy was the most common long-term sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the overall and event-free survival rates of retinoblastoma were satisfactory and eye-saving was possible with primary chemotherapy. Development of new chemotherapeutic regimens and a team approach are necessary to improve the eyeball-saving rate.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Child ; Cisplatin ; Cyclophosphamide ; Disease-Free Survival ; Ditiocarb ; Doxorubicin ; Etoposide ; Facial Asymmetry ; Humans ; Methotrexate ; Osteosarcoma ; Retinoblastoma ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Vincristine

BACKGROUND: A number of skin manifestations in patients with allergic contact dermatitis result from sensitization with specific allergens, and patch testing is used as a diagnostic means of identifying theses allergens. In Korea, the commercial patch test panel, the TRUE-test, has been available since 2005. However, there have been few reports regarding the results of the TRUE-test. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the type, frequency, and changes in common contact allergens in Korea using the TRUE test. METHODS: A total of 311 patients with allergic contact dermatitis were evaluated by the TRUE test between January 2007 and December 2011 at Soonchunhyang hospital. Patch test reading was performed on day 2 and day 4. RESULTS: A total of 311 cases of TRUE test records (male 79, female 232) were compiled and analyzed. The highest age distribution was the 4th decade in females. The face, with exception of the lips, was the most frequently affected site (40.2%). Overall, 58.8% of patients had at least on positive reaction, and the most common allergens were nickel sulfate (31.8%), p-phenylenediamine (13.5%), cobalt chloride (10.0%), thiomersal (7.4%), and carba mix (5.5%). Nickel allergen displayed higher positive rates than the rates in other countries. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the overall positive rate of patch test results compared with recent studies. However, we confirmed that metal-related allergens remain the most common, and that the results provide the basis for the use of the TRUE test in patients with contact dermatitis in Korea.
Age Distribution ; Allergens ; Cobalt ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Ditiocarb ; Female ; Guanidines ; Humans ; Korea ; Lip ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Phenylenediamines ; Skin Manifestations ; Thimerosal

PURPOSE: In an aerobic environment, all biological organisms react with reactive oxygen specise, especially O2 free radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Although acute disorders do not appear, continuous increases of it can lead to aging or cancer. In this study, the acute effects of duroquinone (2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, DQ, superoxide radical generator) on corporal smooth muscle was investigated, which causes flavorprotein to produce superoxide via chemical reduction reaction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Under the same conditions, corporal smooth muscle strips were acquired from 2.0-2.5 kg Male New Zealand White rabbit. Then strips were placed in tension measuring apparatus. After strip was contracted by phenylephrine, an electric field stimulation (EFS)- and various drugs-induced relaxation rate was measured. Relaxation rates by above-mentioned methods were measured again following incubation of DQ or DQ and diethyldithiocarbamate (DETCA, superoxide dismutase inhibitor). The tension percentages were calculated with respect to the control group. RESULTS: The resting tension of the muscle strip was not changed by applying of DQ (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM). The relaxation rates by EFS and bethanechol were not attenuated after DQ was incubated, but attenuated after DQ and DETCA were incubated. The relaxation rate by ATP was not attenuated after DQ, or DQ and DETCA was incubated. The relaxation rates by sodium nitroprusside was attenuated after DQ only was incubated. CONCLUSIONS: Superoxide seems to eliminate nitric oxide, and thus be an important corporal smooth muscle relaxation inhibitor.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Aging ; Bethanechol ; Ditiocarb ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth* ; New Zealand ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitroprusside ; Oxygen ; Phenylephrine ; Relaxation* ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Superoxides*

Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibition has been reported in lead workers treated with CaNa2EDTA and in alcoholic patients repeatedly treated with the alcohol aversive drug Disulfiram. The mechanism of inhibition involves Cu++ chelation at the active site of DBH. The effect of CaNa2EDTA and Disulfiram on serum DBH has been compared to the effect of dithiocarbamate pesticides in vitro for the possible use of serum DBH determination for the biological monitoring of workers exposed to these pesticides. Most dithiocarbamates inhibit human serum DBH at micromolar concentrations (range of I50, 0.027-1.6 mumol/L). The inhibitory potency increased from methyl- and dimethyl dithiocarbamates to diethyl dithiocarbamates up to the most potent ethylene bisdithiocarbamates. The I50 of CaNa2EDTA was 3.8 mumol/L, higher than those of dithiocarbamates. Copper addition to the test system reactivated at stoichiometric concentrations dithiocarbamate-inhibited DBH indicating that both base line values and percent of inhibition can be calculated in a single blood sample. Results suggest that serum DBH determination could be useful in case of acute poisoning involving high doses of dithiocarbamate pesticides.
Alcohol Deterrents ; pharmacology ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Chelating Agents ; pharmacology ; Disulfiram ; pharmacology ; Ditiocarb ; pharmacology ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase ; blood ; drug effects ; Edetic Acid ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pesticides ; blood

Disulfiram, or antabuse, is used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism since it causes an unpleasant aversive reaction to alcohol. It works by inactivating hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to a pronounced rise in the acetaldehyde concentration when ethanol is metabolized. Acetaldehyde causes alcohol sensitivity, which involves vasodilation associated with increased skin temperature, subjective feelings of hotness and facial flushing, increased heart and respiration rates, lowered blood pressure, a drymouth or throat sensation associated with bronchoconstriction and allergy reactions, nausea, and headache. One of its metabolites, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) can inhibit the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) through copper chelation. This may account for the profound refractory hypotension seen with the disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DAR), resulting from norepinephrine depletion. This report is presents the case of a patient we met, who presented with severe hypotension caused by the disulfiram-alcohol reaction, and along with a brief review of the subject.
Acetaldehyde ; Alcoholism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; Blood Pressure ; Bronchoconstriction ; Copper ; Disulfiram ; Ditiocarb ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase ; Ethanol ; Flushing ; Headache ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypotension* ; Nausea ; Norepinephrine ; Pharynx ; Respiratory Rate ; Sensation ; Skin Temperature ; Vasodilation