Since the first case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was detected in 1985, 876 HIV-infected patients have been reported, as of December 1998. The male to female ratio was 6.8:1, and 87% of the patients were between 20 and 49 years of age. The major modes of transmission were sexual contacts, accounting for 86% of the cases (65% heterosexuals and 21% homosexuals). Transmission through blood and blood products accounted for 28 cases (3.2%), and vertical transmission for one case. No cases among intravenous drug abusers were reported. The seroprevalence among the blood donors was approximately one in 100,000. Subtypes A, B, C, D, E, and G of HIV-1 have been introduced into the ROK, and subtype B is the most predominant subtype. The frequency of the a deletion in the CCR5 gene, a coreceptor of HIV-1, was less than 1% among Koreans.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology* ; Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Blood Donors/statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Transmission, Horizontal/statistics & numerical data ; Disease Transmission, Horizontal/prevention & control ; Female ; HIV Seroprevalence ; HIV-1/genetics ; HIV-1/classification ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Human ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Age ; Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; Mutation ; Receptors, CCR5/genetics ; Sex Distribution

We report on the investigations and interventions conducted to contain an extended outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteriuria that lasted for years in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU). A case-control study was performed to identify the risk factors for S. marcescens acquisition in urine. In case patients, urine sampling for tests and central venous catheterization were performed more frequently before the isolation of S. marcescens. Case patients were more frequently prescribed third-generation cephalosporins. Adherence to hand antisepsis was encouraged through in-service educational meetings and infection control measures, especially concerning the manipulation of indwelling urinary catheters, were intensified. The outbreak persisted despite the reinforcement of infection control measures. However, no patient has newly acquired the organism in the NSICU since December 2004. Multiple factors, including inadequate infection control practices and inappropriate antimicrobial usage, possibly contributed to the persistence of this S. marcescens outbreak. Healthcare workers should consistently follow infection control policies to ensure quality care.
Serratia Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Population Surveillance ; Neurosurgery/*statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Korea/epidemiology ; Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data ; Infection Control/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Incidence ; Humans ; Follow-Up Studies ; Female ; Disease Transmission, Horizontal/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Case-Control Studies ; Bacteriuria/*epidemiology/*prevention & control

We report on the investigations and interventions conducted to contain an extended outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteriuria that lasted for years in a neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU). A case-control study was performed to identify the risk factors for S. marcescens acquisition in urine. In case patients, urine sampling for tests and central venous catheterization were performed more frequently before the isolation of S. marcescens. Case patients were more frequently prescribed third-generation cephalosporins. Adherence to hand antisepsis was encouraged through in-service educational meetings and infection control measures, especially concerning the manipulation of indwelling urinary catheters, were intensified. The outbreak persisted despite the reinforcement of infection control measures. However, no patient has newly acquired the organism in the NSICU since December 2004. Multiple factors, including inadequate infection control practices and inappropriate antimicrobial usage, possibly contributed to the persistence of this S. marcescens outbreak. Healthcare workers should consistently follow infection control policies to ensure quality care.
Serratia Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Risk Factors ; Risk Assessment/*methods ; Population Surveillance ; Neurosurgery/*statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Korea/epidemiology ; Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data ; Infection Control/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Incidence ; Humans ; Follow-Up Studies ; Female ; Disease Transmission, Horizontal/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Case-Control Studies ; Bacteriuria/*epidemiology/*prevention & control