No abstract available.
Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Measles* ; Mumps* ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Rubella*

The specificity of cytologic examination in effusions is high but the sensitivity is low. Therefore, various ancillary methods for the detection of malignant cells in effusions have been proposed. The presence of an aneuploid cell population is generally considered diagnostic of malignancy. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the routine use of flow cytometry adds to standard cytologic evaluation in effusions. We did flow cytometric DNA analysis in 76 effusions(28 malignant and 48 benign fluids). All the 48 benign effusions were diploid. There were 12(42.9%) aneuploid and 16(67.1%) diploid malignant effusions. Based on these results flow cytometric DNA analysis had a sensitivity of 42.9% and a specificity of 100%. These results suggest that flow cytometric DNA analysis may be a useful adjunct to conventional cytology, but its principal limitation is its relatively low sensitivity.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The karyotypes of most species of crocodilians were studied using conventional and molecular cytogenetics. These provided an important contribution of chromosomal rearrangements for the evolutionary processes of Crocodylia and Sauropsida (birds and reptiles). The karyotypic features of crocodilians contain small diploid chromosome numbers (30~42), with little interspecific variation of the chromosome arm number (fundamental number) among crocodiles (56~60). This suggested that centric fusion and/or fission events occurred in the lineage, leading to crocodilian evolution and diversity. The chromosome numbers of Alligator, Caiman, Melanosuchus, Paleosuchus, Gavialis, Tomistoma, Mecistops, and Osteolaemus were stable within each genus, whereas those of Crocodylus (crocodylians) varied within the taxa. This agreed with molecular phylogeny that suggested a highly recent radiation of Crocodylus species. Karyotype analysis also suggests the direction of molecular phylogenetic placement among Crocodylus species and their migration from the Indo-Pacific to Africa and The New World. Crocodylus species originated from an ancestor in the Indo-Pacific around 9~16 million years ago (MYA) in the mid-Miocene, with a rapid radiation and dispersion into Africa 8~12 MYA. This was followed by a trans-Atlantic dispersion to the New World between 4~8 MYA in the Pliocene. The chromosomes provided a better understanding of crocodilian evolution and diversity, which will be useful for further study of the genome evolution in Crocodylia.
Africa ; Alligators and Crocodiles ; Arm ; Cytogenetics ; Diploidy ; Genome ; Karyotype ; Mya ; Phylogeny

Flow cytometry was used to measure the DNA content in archived paraffin-embedded human prostatic cancer tissue for 93 patients with known outcomes that presented between 1980 and 1988 Of these. 25 patients had clinically localized lesions, while 68 patients presented with advanced diseases. Fifty seven tumors (61%) contained a aneuploid stem line. The Frequency of aneuploid in creased with advancing stage and most tumors confined to the prostate gland were diploid. The degree of glandular differentiation was characterized by the Gleason sum. One-third of tumors with a Gleason sum of 2 to 4 were aneuploid. whereas 78% of tumors with a Gleason sum of 8 to 10 were aneuploid. Among aneuploid tumors. 11% were localized carcinomas. 89% were advanced status. When tumors were classified according to both DNA ploidy and degree of glandular differentiation. the subgroups of tumors with the highest and lowest degree of malignant potential became apparent. Only 27% of diploid tumors with Gleason sum of 2 to 4 were advanced tumors. but 100% of aneuploid tumors with Gleason sum of 8 to 10 were advanced tumors. The influence of DNA ploidy on survival was examined with Kaplan-Meier method and the generalized Wilcoxon test. Overall, patients with diploid tumors had a survival advantage over patients with aneuploid tumors(p<0.05) However. when adjusted for stage, glandular differentiation, the difference in survival curves for aneuploid and diploid was not significant(p>0.05). But, in patients of Stage D with intermediate grade tumors, the survival difference between diploid and aneuploid tumors were obvious. In conclusion, flow cytometry can be expected to become a valuable adjunct to clinical staging and morphologic grading (Gleason sum) in the assessment of the malignant potentials of prostatic cancer.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Ploidies* ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: In the cutaneou; neoplasms, especially melanocytic skin lesions, the degree of the nuclear atypia such as the hyp rchromatism, pleomorphism, and giantism is a very impor tant factor when determining the differntial diagnosis between the malignant. and the benign turnors and the prognosis. OBJECTIVE: So we measured and cornpared the nuclear atypia of the malignant melanoma, and acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi(AMN and CMN) using the computerized image analysis (IA). METHODS: Five micron sections were cut from each paraffin block. The sections were Feulgen-stained and image analysis was perforrned with an AIC image analysis system. In each case, 50 lymphocytes nuclei fnim the sarne specimen slide were measured as an internal diploid control. Each 100 cells of the MM, CMN and AMN were measured and are referred to in this report as the upper part and the lower part. The morphological parameters such as mean nuclear area, coefficient of variation(CV) of the nuclear area, roundness of the nucleus and CV of the roundness were measured. For the nuclear content, mean ploidy, CV of the mean ploidy ind 2c Deviation Index(2cI3I) were calculated and then the DNA histograms were produced. RESULTS: Nuclear area, CV of the nuclear area, mean ploidy, CV of the mean ploidy and 2cDI were found to be significantly reat.er for rnalignant melanoma than for CMN and AMN. The nuclear area of AMN is significantly lar ger than that of CMN and there were no significant differences between the uper and the lower parts of three melanocytic lesions in any of the measured parameters. CONCLUSION: The results of o ir study suggest that the IA of the melanocytic cells might reflect the biologic behavior rnore sensitively than do clinical or histologic criteria, therefore important information for differentiating thi benign and the malignant melanocytic lesions may be obtained by the DNA profile and morphomi try on Feulgen stained tissue specirnens using IA.
Diagnosis ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Lymphocytes ; Melanoma ; Paraffin ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis ; Skin*

Recent studies suggest the flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis may be useful in defining the biologic behavior and prognosis in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Flow cytometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis was used to study the relationship between DNA ploidy, clinical stage and histopathological grade in thirty two patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas diagnosed from 1987 to 1990. The incidence of aneuploidy in the total population was 18 of 32 (56.3%). The frequency of aneuploidy increased with advancing stage and 63.2% of carcinomas with distant metastases were aneuploidy. Aneuploidy was more frequent in high Gleason sum carcinomas than in low. The incidence of aneuploidy in carcinomas with high Gleason grade (Gleason sum 8 to 10) was 77.8%. comparing to 33.3% in low Gleason grade (Gleason sum 2 to 4). When carcinomas classified according to both DNA ploidy and degree of glandular differentiation, then subgroups with the highest and lowest degree of malignant potential became apparent. None of diploid tumors with low Gleason grade (Gleason sum 2 to 4) formed metastasis, but 71.4% of aneuploidy tumors with high Gleason grade (Gleason sum 8 to 10) formed metastases. The influence of DNA ploidy on survival was examined with Kaplan-Meier method and the generalized Wilcoxon test. Overall, the patients with diploid tumor had a survival advantage over patients with aneuploid tumor (p<0.05). In patients with stage C and D, there was increasing tendency of survival in diploid group. In conclusion flow cytometric determination of DNA ploidy in prostatic adenocarcinoma is correlated strongly with clinical stage and Gleason sum and can be expected to be a valuable adjunct b clinical stage and histopathological grade in the assessment of malignant potential of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: DNA flow cytometry is a simple and easy method to assess the DNA content and the cell-cycle distribution of a tumor cell. The prognostic significance of the DNA content and the S-phase fraction in a gastric carcinoma has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the nuclear DNA content and the S-phase fraction in patients with a gastric carcinoma. METHODS: Between May 1995 and March 1996, 94 patients who were underwent a gastric resection for a gastric carcinoma were evaluated with DNA flow cytometry. Of them, 88 patients underwent a gastric resection with curative intent. The relationship of variable clinicopathological factors and of recurrence pattern to survival and nuclear DNA content were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 55 years. 55 patients (58.5%) exbitied diploidy and 39 patients (41.5%) aneuploidy. There was no relationship between the clinicopathological factors and either the ploidy pattern or the S-phase fraction. Though the recurrence and its pattern were not different between the two ploidy group (p=0.860, 0.137), diploidy tended to recur locoregionally and aneuploidy hematogenously. CONCLUSION: The ploidy pattern was a significant prognostic factor in gastric carcinomas, but should be interpreted carefully.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

The Flow cytometric analysis of DNA in tumors have been reported to reflect the cellular activities and proliferative rates. Currently, it has been used to predict the prognosis and responsiveness of tumors to various modality of therapy. The author analyzed thirty seven meningiomas(7 syncytial, 9 transitional, 6 fibroblastic, 9 angioblastic, 6 atypical) using paraffinembeddede tissues. The ploidy pattern and relative value(%) in the GO/GI, S, and G2/M phases were calculated for each specimen. In our series, All were diploid types except 6 meningiomas(2 syncytial, 2 angioblastic, 2 atypical). Diploidy with weak tetraploidy(upto 10%) was found in 8 cases(40% of atypical, 33% of fibrobiastic and transitional) but not in syncytial meningioma. Diploidy with strong teraploigy(10-25%) was found in 1 transitional, 1 angioblastic meningioma. There was wide variation in 4C values even in the same subgroups of meningiomas. The distribution of P. I values is even and lower especially in fibroblastic meningiomas. On the contrary, the distribution of P. I values is relatively uneven and highly variable in other types of meningiomas & even in the same subgroups of meningiomas except fibroblastic meningioma. The prediction of recurrences in operated cases remained further investigation due to lack of long-term follow-up.
Diploidy ; DNA* ; Fibroblasts ; Flow Cytometry ; Meningioma* ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

In this study, the roots, stems and leaves of diploid and autotetraploid Dendrobium huoshanense were used as materials to compare their contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids, and the transcriptome sequencing analysis was carried out. The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides and alkaloids in the roots, stems and leaves of tetraploid were 7.6%, 34.5%, 17.2%, 0.01%, 0.024% and 0.035% higher than those of diploid D. huoshanense, respectively. The contents of active components in different tissues were significantly different. There were 3 687 differentially expressed genes in diploid and tetraploid D. huoshanense, of which 2 346 genes were up-regulated and 1 341 down regulated. Go functional analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in growth and development, stress resistance and other related functions. KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the differential genes were concentrated in the processes of carbon metabolism, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. The differential expression of key genes involved in the metabolism of polysaccharides, terpenes and polyketones, amino acid metabolism, hormone synthesis and signal transduction in diploid and tetraploid plants may be the main reason for the high energy content, the increase of active components and the growth potential of tetraploid plants.
Alkaloids ; Dendrobium/genetics* ; Diploidy ; Plant Roots ; Polysaccharides ; Transcriptome

Apomixis has been widely concerned because of its great potential in heterosis fixation. Artificial apomixis is an important direction of current apomixis research. Mitosis instead of Meiosis (MIME) produces diploid gametes that is identical with the maternal genetic composition and is a key step in the artificial creation of apomixes. This paper reviews the occurrence of MIME and its application in crop apomixis and the problems encountered, in an aim to provide reference for expanding the application of MIME in crop apomixis.
Apomixis ; Crops, Agricultural ; genetics ; Diploidy ; Germ Cells ; Meiosis ; Mitosis