In order to confirm whether the migrating larvae of parasites could carry pathogenic organisms into liver and cause hepatitis, a series of experiments has been carried out. Clonorchis sinensis: Recovery rate of larvae in the abdominal cavity of rabbits: One to seven days after the administration adolescariae were recovered from the abdominal cavity in less than l percent of the total number of metacercariae given. Generally, 1-6 larvae were found from each animal which was given 900-1,000 metacercariae, though many larvae were already found in the common bile ducts or remained still in intestine. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis in abdominal cavity: The young or mature worms which were introduced directly into the abdominal cavity were examined l5, 32, 40 and 42 days after the inoculation. Several larvae were found on the surface of liver in four animals. All the worms on the surface of the liver were dead and the biopsied liver tissues on the area where the worms were attached showed no pathological changes. Two of them were between bile duct and liver tissue but pus cell infiltration surrounding them was observed. In every case, pus cell infiltration was found in the peripheral portion of the liver and pus nodules on the surface of intestine and mesentery. The nodule in the intestinal wall contained the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis. Two worms in the abdominal cavity were still alive. From the above results it is suggested that the larvae of Clonorchis sinensis were capable of penetrating the intestinal wall and reaching the organs in the abdominal cavity and surviving for l5-42 days, but they were unable to penetrate the organs. No bacterial flora appeared from the lesion by culture method. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis which was inoculated into the peripheral region of liver: Small abscess was observed at the same area. Microscopically, the area became edematous and the vessels in the peripheral region were dilated. The parasites became necrotic and amorphous. Pathologically the lesions appeared as eosinophilic masses and neutrophile leukocytes were infiltrated surrounding the masses. In some cases, the dead worms were found apart from the original place of inoculation but no leukocyte infiltration was found. There was linear infiltration between the original site and the portion where the dead worm was found. The distance from the capsule varied from 0 to 4 mm. Sometimes, the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were also found. In all cases, there were no living worms in liver tissues and hepatic ducts. In all case,. the bacteriological examination was negative. Do clonorchis sinensis transfer the microorganism? Five adult worms of clonorchis sinensis were incubated in the saline solution containing Staphylococcus aureus. The intestinal contents of these worms were cultured in the Nutient-agar plate and examined by Methylene Blue and Gram's stain. The area of liver tissue where the Clonorchis sinensis were inoculated showed no inflammatory changes after the 3 days of inoculation but no living Staphylococcus aureus was found in the culture media with which the pieces of liver tissues were smeared. Hookworm: Cutaneous infection: Four to eight days after the cutaneous infection of Ancylostoma caninum, the mice were sacrificed. Grossly, there was no abnormal finding in liver. The pieces of liver tissues were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate, and cocci were found in four out of six examined. The microorganism were confirmed as the same species of Diplococcus pneumoniae which were grown in the hookworm culture media. Oral infection: 1,000 filariform larvae of Ancylostoma caninum were given orally. 24 hours later, the mice were sacrificed and the pieces of liver tissue were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate. After 50 hours at 36 C, the bacterial colonies were examined bacteriologically. Staphylococcus albus was found from two out of four samples. Grossly there was no abnormality on the surface of liver, but microscopically there were spots like microabscesses which were infiltrated by leukocytes. The larvae were also found from other portions of liver tissues and they were surrounded by yellow colored material. In another experiment, a combination of Ancylostoma duodenale and Staphylococcus aureus was fed to mice. The mice sacrificed five days after the oral administration of Ancylostoma duodenale cultivated in the media containing Staphylococcus aureus. The liver pieces were examined routinely. The larvae cultivated in normal tap water which contained no Staphylococcus aureus was used as control. In the experimental mouse, the cocci appeared in the liver. Pathologically, microabscesses infiltrated with neutrophile leukocytes were found, but there was no manifestation of inflammatory change due to Staphylococcus aureus. There was only mechanical trauma due to the larvae penetration. Haemorrhage appeared only where the larvae were found.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-nematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Ancylostoma caninum ; pathogenicity ; Staphyllococcus aureus ; Staphyllococcus albus ; Diplococcus pneumoniae ; rabbit-liver

Pneumococcal disease, caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major burden to global health. Although the World Health Organisation (WHO) strongly recommends the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in national immunisation programmes (NIP’s) worldwide, this has not occurred in many countries in the WHO South East Asia and Western Pacific regions – particularly longstanding middle-income countries. It is widely accepted that carriage of S. pneumoniae is a precursor to developing any pneumococcal disease. The reduction in pneumococcal disease from vaccine serotypes (VT) following widespread implementation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is believed to be through the direct immunogenic protective effect of immunised individuals as well as indirectly through herd immunity diminishing the incidence of disease in nonimmunised individuals. In Malaysia, pneumococcal disease is not included in national surveillance programmes and although PCVs have been licensed, they have not been included in the NIP. Hence, the vaccine is only available privately and the majority of the population is not able to afford it. There is an urgent need to develop surveillance programmes in Malaysia to include pneumococcal serotype data from carriage and invasive disease so that it may help guide national vaccine policy prior to a decision being taken on the inclusion of PCVs in the NIP.
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Background: Identifying the causes of childhood meningitis is difficult. Conventional diagnostic tests (culture, bacterial latex and Gram staining) have limitations, especially in settings where many children receive antibiotics prior to presentation. A point-of-care test called Binax NOW detects meningitis due to 'Streptococcus pneumoniae' in 15 minutes and is not affected by pre-test antibiotic use.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted among children with suspected bacterial meningitis at Angau Memorial General Hospital to evaluate the usefulness of the Binax NOW 'S. pneumoniae' test in comparison with conventional tests: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture, Gram stain and latex agglutination. Latex antigen testing was done for 'S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis'. We analysed the CSF of all children who had a lumbar puncture done for clinical suspicion of meningitis. FINDINGS: 132 children were enrolled in the study, of which 3 were excluded because of insufficient CSF sample to do the Binax NOW test. 5 CSFs were culture positive, all for 'S. pneumoniae'. 13 (10%) of 129 CSF specimens had organisms seen with Gram staining; 7 had Gram-positive cocci and 6 showed Gram-negative bacteria. Latex antigens were positive in 20 cases: for S. pneumoniae (11), 'H. influenzae' (8), 'N. meningitidis' (1). Using the 3 conventional tests combined (culture, Gram stain and antigens) 14 cases of 'S. pneumoniae' meningitis were detected. Binax NOW was positive for 'S. pneumoniae' in 19 cases (15% of meningitis cases): the 14 samples positive by conventional methods and a further 5 cases that were not detected by conventional methods.

Conclusion: The Binax NOW test increases the diagnostic yield for pneumococcal meningitis on CSF. This may be important in surveillance for the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 2014, and in clinical diagnosis. 'H. influenzae' is rarely identified on culture in PNG provincial hospital laboratories, so latex antigen testing is still needed for the accurate diagnosis of 'Haemophilus' meningitis and monitoring of the effectiveness of 'Haemophilus influenzae' type b vaccine.
Streptococcus pneumoniae

No Abstract Available.
Catalase* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

No abstract available.
Penicillins ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

Study used the methods of PCR-SSCP-sequencing to detect and identify point mutations in pbp1a gene, one of the genes involved in penicillin resistance of streptococcus pneuminiae. SSCP analysis result of PCR products from 19 clinical resistant and 1 susceptible strains allowed their classification into defferent groups depending on their electrophoretic pattern. This classification fits results obtained by sequencing. With improvement in the resolution capacity of SSCP, these methods could be used efficiently to investigate penicillin resistance in streptococcus pneuminiae
Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Mutation ; Genes

Outline on the antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated during 1989-1995 in Viet Nam based on the data of antimicrobial susceptibility tests of NIHE and ASTS project. Comparing to the data from countries in South East Asis/India we found that: Str.pneumoniae is still susceptible to benzylpenicillin. B-lactams, macrolides, chloramphenicol. In many countries the reported incidence of drug-resistant Str.Pneumoniae has increased in the last year. The frequency and patterns of resistance vary in different geographic regions, countries and over different periods.
Drug Resistance ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

China ; Humans ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

No abstract available.
Penicillin Resistance* ; Penicillins* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

No abstract available.
Penicillins* ; Pneumonia* ; Sepsis* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*