Marine Glycosphingolipids(GSLs) compounds mainly come from marine ogranisms of marine sponge and starfish. The advances of study on GSLs compounds in recent two decades were reviewed. The relationship between chemical structure and biological functions of GSLs compounds was also described.

Four organic compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the marine sponge Clathria fasciculate which collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were determined by GC-MS, FAB, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and COSY spectra as: clolest-4-en-3-one(Ⅰ). stigmast-4-en-3-one(Ⅱ). (Z)-17-tetracosene-l-ol(Ⅲ) and3-(17Z-tetracosenyloxy)-1 , 2-propanediol(Ⅳ). It's the second report of the first serial studies of the chemical constituents of the marine sponge Clathria fasciculate.

Six organic compounds were isolated from the marine sponge Topsentia sp. collected from the South China Sea. Their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR,IR,MS and GC-MS as cholesterol(Ⅰ); 24-ethylidenecholest-5-en-3?-ol(Ⅱ); phenylacetic acid(Ⅲ); 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(Ⅳ);indole-3-carboxaldehyde(Ⅴ); thymine(Ⅵ).

Five compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the marine sponge Cin-achyrella australiansis collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were identified by IR,1 H-NMR,13C-NMR,MS as the follows : 24-ethyl-cholest-4-en-3-one(Ⅰ), cholesterol (Ⅱ), benzene- ac-etamide(Ⅲ), p-hydroxyphenylacetamide(Ⅳ), indole-3-acetamide(Ⅴ).

OBJECTIVETo analyze the effects of acupuncture on the level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in adrenal gland and the content of corticosterone (CORT) in plasma in rats withchronic emotional stress anxiety, and to explore the partial action mechanism of acupuncture on anxiety disorder.

METHODSThirty-two healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, after 7 days of feeding and domestication, were randomly divided into a blank group (10 rats), a model group (11 rats) and an acupuncture group (11 rats). The rats inthe model group and acupuncture group were treated with unpredictable chronic emotional stress (CES) method toestablish the model of anxiety. Rats in the acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture at "Neiguan" (PC 6)and "Shenmen" (HT 7), once every other day, 30 minutes each time. The model establishment and treatment lasted 15 days. Rats in the blank group were treated with identical immobilization but no treatment was given. Theelevated plus maze was used to test the behavioral changes of rats with anxiety; the level of CORT in plasma wasdetected by ELISA, and the expression level of CNP and ANP in adrenal cortex and medulla was detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS(1) The percentage of open-arms time in total time (OT%) in elevated plus maze in the model group was significantly lower than that in the blank group (P<0. 05); the OT% in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.01). (2) The content of CORT in plasma in the model group was higher than that in the blank group (P<0. 05), while that in the acupuncture group was significantly lower than that in the model group (P<0. 05). (3) The expression of ANP in adrenal medulla and cortex in the model group was lower than that in the blank group (P<0. 01), while the expression of CNP in adrenal medulla and cortex in the model group was higher than that in the blank group (P<0. 01).

CONCLUSIONThe effects of acupuncture against anxiety are likely to be related to the regulation on the expression of ANP and CNP in adrenal medulla, affecting the release of CORT and inhibition on the activity !f hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis).

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adrenal Glands ; metabolism ; Animals ; Anxiety ; blood ; psychology ; therapy ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor ; blood ; metabolism ; Behavior, Animal ; Corticosterone ; blood ; Humans ; Male ; Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type ; blood ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stress, Psychological

Objective To establish standard sites for bur holes that maintain constant anatomical relationships with the skull base and neural structures and can serve as the basal aspect of supratentorial temporooceipital craniotomies such as subtemporal transpetrosalridge approach.Methods To determine cranial-cerebral relationships,the authors delimited 10 adult cadaveric skulls anteriorly and posteriorly the external projection of the petrous bone and the midbrain by CT and Titanium nail.Then bur holes in adult cadaveric skulls were created (kl,the first bur hole,located anterior to the auricle of the ear; k2,the second bur hole,whose base was located 1 cm above the interface of the parietomastoid and squamous sutures; k3,the third bur hole whose base was located 1cm above the asterion).Three bur holes were made on each of the skulls (20 cerebral hemispheres).The author then introduced plastic catheters through the bur holes to evaluate pertinent cranial and neural landmarks.Results The first bur hole appeared to have a particular anatomical relationship with the anterior aspect of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the most anterior aspect of the midbrain.The second bur hole had a particular relationship with the posterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and with the posterior aspect of the midbrain.The third bur hole was mostly supratentorial and particularly related to the preoccipital notch.Conclusions The middle fossa floor is located anterior to the site of the kl,and the superior surface of the tentorium is posterior to k2.Together with k3,these bur holes can be considered standards for temporooccipital craniotomies such as subtemporal transpetrosalridge approach.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in China in 2018.Methods:Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to randomly select hospitals capable of treating patients with spinal cord injury from 3 regions，9 provinces and 27 cities in China to retrospectively investigate eligible patients with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted in 2018. National and regional incidence rates were calculated. The data of cause of injury，injury level，severity of injury，segment and type of fracture，complications，death and other data were collected by medical record questionnaire，and analyzed according to geographical region，age and gender.Results:Medical records of 4，134 patients were included in this study，with a male-to-female ratio of 2.99∶1. The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury in China in 2018 was 50.484 / 1 million （95% CI 50.122-50.846）. The highest incidence in the Eastern region was 53.791 / 1 million （95% CI 53.217-54.365）. In the whole country，the main causes of injury were high falls （29.58%），as well as in the Western region （40.68%），while the main causes of injury in the Eastern and Central regions were traffic injuries （31.22%，30.10%）. The main injury level was cervical spinal cord in the whole country （64.49%），and the proportion of cervical spinal cord injury in the Central region was the highest （74.68%），and the proportion of lumbosacral spinal cord injury in the Western region was the highest （32.30%）. The highest proportion of degree of injury was incomplete quadriplegia （55.20%），and the distribution pattern was the same in each region. A total of 65.87% of the patients were complicated with fracture or dislocation，77.95% in the Western region and only 54.77% in the Central region. In the whole country，the head was the main combined injury （37.87%），as well as in the Eastern and Central regions，while the proportion of chest combined injury in the Western region was the highest （38.57%）. A total of 32.90% of the patients were complicated with respiratory complications. There were 23 patients （0.56%） died in hospital，of which 17（73.91%） died of respiratory dysfunction. Conclusions:The Eastern region of China has a high incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Other epidemiological features include high fall as the main cause of injury cervical spinal cord injury as the main injury level，incomplete quadriplegia as the main degree of injury，head as the main combined injury，and respiratory complications as the main complication.