With the development of hardware and software in engineering,the medical robotic techniques makes up for the shortage of conventional laparoscopy,and has good prospect in the field of surgery.In this paper,the application of medical robotic techniques in digestive surgery was focused.Extraneous medical robotic system and intrinsic miniature medical robot are 2 main categories.Most digestive operations,such as cholecystectomy,pancreaticoduodenectomy,lobectomy,antireflux surgery could be carried out by the extraneous medical robotic system,and the intrinsic miniature medical robot is still under research.Benefiting from the cooperation of the surgeons and the engineers,it is certain that the medical robotic techniques could play a more important role in digestive surgery.

In recent years, the emergence of single-port laparoscopic technology promoted the development of the technology of laparoscopy, but deficiencies like equipment conflict or lack of triangulation severely hampered the clinical application of this technology. The appearance of single-port laparoscopic flexible instruments makes up for those deficiencies to a great extent. The element is to add a wrist joint to the tip of the instrument to form triangulation and reduce equipment conflict. But this technique is still in an early stage of development. The purpose of this article is to summarize the characteristics and problems of existing flexible single-port laparoscopic instruments, and to provide information for the further improvement, finally the future development was expected.
Equipment Design ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; instrumentation

A new anastomat for digestive tract operations, based on the magnetic compressive technique and mechanical transmission mechanism, is composed of a removable head and a reusable body. The head includes two parts: the proximal end can be fixed to the body, and the distal end could be used for performing a purse string suture. The procedure of anastomosis is similar to that of the stapler, and the anastomoses is established using a pair of magnetic rings. The instrument makes magnamosis more simple and feasible, and it would facilitate the clinical application. The body of the anastomat is reusable and the head could be replaced according to the clinical scenarios, these could reduce the medical cost. The magnetic rings would be excreted with the feces, and there is no foreign body response at last.
Anastomosis, Surgical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; surgery ; Humans ; Magnetics

This study was to build a canine portal hypertension model by intra-portal administration of high polymer material polyurethane and organic solvent tetrahydrofuran mixed solutions in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. Twelve local crossbreed dogs were selected randomly, with intra-portal administration of 8% (weight/volume) polyurethane- tetrahydrofuran solutions through an incision in the upper abdomen to build the portal hypertension model. We measured the portal vein pressure before modeling, during modeling, and four-, eight-, and twelve- weeks after modeling, respectively. Then we evaluated the effectiveness of the model comparing values of data with those data obtained before modeling started, which were regarded as the normal values. The results showed that the portal vein pressure rose by 2. 5 times after the solution administrated instantly as much as that before modeling, and maintained at 1. 5 times after 4 weeks. This method presents an easy operation, low animal mortality and reliable model of portal hypertension. Its less abdominal adhesions and its ability in keeping normal anatomic structure specially make it suit for surgical research of portal hypertension.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Furans ; adverse effects ; Hypertension, Portal ; Polyurethanes ; adverse effects ; Portal Vein ; physiopathology

The quality of a donor liver after cardiac death is closely associated with energy metabolism during preservation. Ex vivo mechanical perfusion has broad application prospects because this technique can help energy metabolism and repair ischemia injury of donors' livers. Some core issues are presented in this review in order to provide references for propelling secure application of liver transplantation based on donation after cardiac death.
Death ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Transplantation ; Organ Preservation ; methods ; Perfusion ; methods ; Warm Ischemia ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic gastrostomy combined with magnetic compression techniques in dogs.

METHODSThe magnetic compression device consisted of a couple of cylindrical magnets with a hole in the center. A 14-French gastric tube was inserted through the hole and fixed on the parent magnets. Four male mongrel dogs were selected randomly for the operation. The daughter magnet was placed into the dog's gastric body by a Zebra Guidewire under endoscopy, then a skin incision was performed on the left upper abdomen, through which the subcutaneous tissues and muscle were isolated up to the peritoneum. The parent magnet was placed on the surface of the peritoneum, which attracted the daughter magnet inside the gastric cavity automatically to compress the gastric wall and peritoneum. A needle was inserted through the gastric tube and punctured the tissue in the hole of the magnets repeatedly to form a fistula. After removing the needle, the gastrostomy was complete. The fistula was observed and its specimen was taken two weeks later under laparotomy.

RESULTSAll the four operations were successfully performed, and the operation time was 11-15 minutes. The stoma was matured immediately, through which early enteral nutrition support was administered. The gastric wall and peritoneum were observed with well healing and no adhesion in the abdominal cavity under laparotomy two weeks after the operation.

CONCLUSIONThe gastrostomy performed by magnetic compression technique combined with endoscopy is convenient, minimally invasive and safe, which may be used in future clinical practice.

Abdomen ; Animals ; Catheterization ; Dogs ; Enteral Nutrition ; Gastroscopy ; Gastrostomy ; Laparotomy ; Magnetics ; Male ; Santonin ; analogs & derivatives ; Stomach ; Surgical Stomas ; Wound Healing

Objective To develop a pulling device using magnetic positioning to optimize the procedures of repairment of donor liver from organ donation . Methods The pig liver specimens were used to measure the pull force of repairment of donor liver, magnetic spiderman was developed based on the measurement results. The magnetic spiderman was applied to simulate the repairment of donor liver from organ donation on the pig liver specimens. The effectiveness of magnetic spiderman was also evaluated. Results The pulling force was required all less than 2 N during the repairment of donor liver. The magnetic spiderman was successfully manufactured. The magnets of magnetic spiderman could generate 3 N magnetic forces with paramagnetic basin of hepatic repairment. The self-retraction pull wire of the magnetic spiderman could provide 2.5 N pulling forces. The magnetic spiderman was successfully applied to the simulated experiment of repairment of donor liver from organ donation in 6 cases. The operation time was (54±5) min. No clip slippage,displacement and slippage of the base occurred during the operation. With the cooperation of multiple magnetic spidermen,the remaining surgical procedures were performed by one single surgeon except for the vascular ligation. Conclusions The magnetic spiderman has small volume and implements flexible positioning, can perform pulling operation and nottake up operational space. It can effectively optimize the procedures of repairment of donor liver from organ donation and reduce the quantity of surgeons.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of papers published in Organ Transplantation in the past ten years. Methods The academic papers published in Organ Transplantation from January 2010 to December 2019 were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The publication volume, the funded paper ratio, authors, research institutions and keywords were analyzed by information visualization software CiteSpace 5.3 and VOSviewer 1.6. Results From 2010 to 2019, a total of 919 academic papers were published in Organ Transplantation, with an average annual publication volume of 92, showing an overall stable trend. The funded paper ratio and the ratio of papers with funding support at the provincial level or above increased year by year, reaching 100% in 2019. High-yield authors mainly formed two research teams led by Shi Bingyi and Chen Guihua respectively. The first authors were distributed across China. In recent years, as many as 58 programmatic papers were published by national academic institutions, especially signed by Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association. The average number of authors per paper was 4.94 in Organ Transplantation, and the proportion of papers contributed by two or more authors remained above 90% in recent years. According to the analysis of research institutions, the average number of institutions per paper was 1.60 in Organ Transplantation. Keyword co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that liver transplantation, renal transplantation and organ transplantation were the research hotspots in the field of organ transplantation. Keyword cluster analysis showed that research mainly focused on 9 fields, such as liver transplantation, renal transplantation, organ transplantation, organ donation, posttransplantation complications, transplantation immunity, end-stage liver disease, xenotransplantation and stem cell transplantation. Keyword burst analysis showed that xenotransplantation, α-1, 3-galactose, transplantation immunity, apoptosis, donor specific antibody (DSA), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and flow cytometry were the research hotspots. Conclusions The authors that publish academic papers in Organ Transplantation come from major transplantation centers all over the country. The papers of Organ Transplantation cover the research hotspots of each branch in the field of organ transplantation, and include a large quantity of programmatic papers signed and published by national academic institutions, which show the frontier hotspots and the highest level of research in the field of organ transplantation in China, making Organ Transplantation an excellent academic journal.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment for biliary anastomotic stenosis (BAS) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, 54 male and 6 female, aged (48±10) years. ERCP was initially carried out. If it succeeded, plastic or metallic stents were placed into the biliary tract. If it failed, percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) or single-operator cholangioscopy (SpyGlass) was adopted to pass through the stenosis. If all these procedures failed, magnetic anastomosis or other special methods were delivered. The incidence and treatment of BAS after liver transplantation were summarized. The efficacy, stent removal and recurrence were observed. Results The median time of incidence of BAS after liver transplantation was 8 (4, 13) months. Within postoperative 1 year, 1-2 years and over 2 years, 39, 16 and 5 recipients were diagnosed with BAS, respectively. All 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were successfully treated, including 56 cases initially receiving ERCP, and 41 completing BAS treatment, with a success rate of 73%. The failure of guide wire was the main cause of ERCP failure. The success rates of PTCD, SpyGlass and magnetic anastomosis were 5/9, 5/7 and 7/8, respectively. Two recipients were successfully treated by percutaneous choledochoscope-assisted blunt guide wire technique and stent placement in the biliary and duodenal fistula. After 3 (3, 4) cycles of ERCP and 13 (8, 18) months of stent indwelling, 38 recipients reached the stent removal criteria, including 25 plastic stents and 13 metallic stents. The indwelling time of plastic stents was longer than that of metallic stents (P < 0.05). Six cases suffered from stenosis recurrence at 12 (8, 33) months after stent removal, and the recurrence rate was 16%. Six patients were treated with ERCP, and 5 of them did not recur after the stents were successfully removed. Multivariate analysis showed that delayed diagnosis of stenosis and frequent ERCP before stent removal were the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence (both P < 0.05). Conclusions ERCP-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment may improve the success rate of BAS treatment after liver transplantation and yield satisfactory long-term efficacy. Delayed diagnosis of BAS and high frequent ERCP required for stent removal are the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence.

A biliary contrast agents pushing device, including a syringe pushing system and a remote controller is introduced. The syringe pushing system comprises an injector card slot, a support platform and an injection bolus fader. A 20 mL syringe can be fitted on the syringe pushing system and kept with the ground about 30 degree. This system can perform air bubble pumping back and contrast agents bolus injection as well as speed adjustment. Remote controller is an infrared remote control which can start and stop the syringe pushing system. With this device, the remote controlled cholangiography technology can be achieved, which can not only protect doctors from X-ray radiation but also improve the traditional T-tube cholangiography and the contrast effect, reduce postoperative complications in patients as well. The application of this device will improve the current diagnosis and treatment system, the device will benefit the majority of doctors and patients.
Contrast Media ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Injections ; Postoperative Complications ; Syringes