AlM:To determine the group distribution characteristics of lachrymal duct obstruction diseases in major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province.
METHODS: Totally 5 353 residents were selected and researched by randomized cluster sampling in the major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province. Ocular examination and lachrymal duct flushing were carried out, and questionnaire survey on lachrymal duct obstruction was conducted. The ratio of lachrymal duct obstruction diseases and group distribution characteristics were analyzed based on above research.
RESULTS: The prevalence ratios of lachrymal duct obstruction was 4. 47% in major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, with 2. 62% in urban area, and 5. 93% in rural area respectively. Prevalence ratios of men and women group were 1. 69% and 6. 39% correspondingly. Difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 67. 2821, P = 0. 0000 ). The highest prevalence ratio was 40-69 year-old group, second one was 70-79 year-old group, especially for women in these groups. The prevalence ratios of Ledong, Lingshui, Baisha and Changjiang county were higher than those of Baoting, Qiongzhong county and Wuzhishan city. No significant difference was found between both eyes.
CONCLUSlON: ln major Li Miao minority areas of Hainan province, lachrymal duct obstruction mainly occurs in 40-79 year-old patients, with specially higher ratio of women. Statistically, significant difference of the prevalence ratio between urban and rural areas exists. The higher prevalence ratio is attributed to age, gender, geographical location, climate condition, health environment and so on. The prevalence ratio is higher in the dry and windy areas than in the humid and less windy areas.

Objective To study neuromechanism for uremic restless syndrome (URLS),functional MRI (fMRI) analysis and were used to explor main activity.Methods Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 29 patients with uremic restless legs syndrome and 25 healthy controls.The values of the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of the two groups were calculated and analyzed statistically.Result As compared with the control group,patients with uremic restless legs syndrome showed emotional and mental abnormality.Increased ReHo values in bilateral supplementary motor area,bilateral thalamus,left insular lobe,left hippocampus (P＜0.05),and decreased ReHo values in anterior cingulate gyrus,bilateral posterior central gyrus,right amygdala were found in patients with uremic restless legs syndrome (P＜0.05).The severity score of RLS was respectively positively correlated with dialysis duration (r =0.57,P =0.002),PTH level (r =0.419,P =0.033)BAI (r =0.528,P=0.006),and BDI (r =0.567,P =0.003).Conclusion Neuronal activity in related brain area in patients with uremic restless legs syndrome were found.This abnormality provides an objective diagnostic basis for the explanation of restless legs syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Objective To compare the contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and polysaccharides in radix astragali with different growth years, providing reference for the better harvest time of radix astragali. Methods HPLC-ELSD was used to determine the content of astragaloside Ⅳ. A Hypersil-Keystone C18 column was used with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (33∶67). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. The parameters of drift tube and gas flow rate of the detector were set at 105 ℃ and 2.7 L/min respectively. Phenol-sulfuric method was employed to determine the content of polysaccharides, and the detection wavelength was set at 490 nm. Results The linear range of astragaloside Ⅳ was within 1.25-6.28 μg. The average recovery was 97.28%, with RSD=1.42%. The linear range of polysaccharides was 10-100 μg. The average recovery was 99.02%, with RSD=0.94%. The content of astragaloside Ⅳ in radix astragali cultivated for more than 1 year was higher than the standard in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and radix astragali cultivated for 3 years showed the highest content. The content of polysaccharides in radix astragali cultivated for more than 3 years was the highest, and radix astragali cultivated for 2 years was slightly lower. Conclusion The better harvest time for radix astragali is at least two years of growth, which is judged from the content of astragaloside Ⅳ and polysaccharides.

Amygdala (AM) plays crucial roles in emotional learning, memory and behavior. These functions of AM are carried out by three main subnuclei (lateral nucleus, basolateral nucleus and central nucleus) in AM and closely related with a transcription factor, cAMP- responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the neurons of the AM. CREB can be phosphorylated (pCREB) in many kinds of neuronal processes to regulate the synthesis of proteins for the formation of memory processes. In order to identify what neuronal types express pCREB and how the pCREB levels changed at different time intervals after an emotional stress stimulation, the present study is designed to investigate pCREB-, glutamate (Glu)- and parvalbumin (PV)- immunoreactive (IR) profiles in AM and the levels of pCREB in AM after a stress of forced swimming (FS). The results showed that the pCREB expressed in the Glu-IR neurons but not in the PV-IR neurons, and the expression level of the pCREB increased dramatically after the stress. The present results suggested that pCREB modulates the emotional processes through the Glu-IR neurons and that the pCREB greatly upregulated to response to the emotional stimuli.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexamethasone on the toxicity of bupivacaine in murine neurons.Methods Murine neuroblastoma cell line N2a was obtained from ATCC cell bank (USA). The cells were cultured in 10% fetal cow serum/MEM culture medium and divided into 4 groups voup I control (Con); group II bupivacaine ( Bup); group Ⅲ dexamethasone (Dex) and group IV Dex + Bup. The culture medium contained bupivacaine 900 μmol/L in group Bup and dexamethasone 1 μmol/L in group Dex respectively. In group Dex + Bup ( IV ) Bup was added to the culture medium with a final concentration of 900 μmol/L at 12 h after pretreatment with Dex 1 μmol/L. The cells were inoculated in 24 well plates (0.5 ml in each well, 24 wells in each group) and 10 cm culture dishes (7 ml in each dish, 4 dishes in each group). The release rate of LDH was calculated and the morphology of the cells and nucleus condensation (by Hoechst 3334224 fluorescent staining) was detected at 9 h of incubation in 24 well plates. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (by JC-1 assay) and phosphorylation of Akt and ERKs (by Western blot) were measured at 5 h of incubation in 24 well plates and in culture dishes respectively. ResultsBupivacaine caused severe damage to the N2a cells as evidenced by increase in LDH release and nucleus condensation (apoptosis), dephosphorylation of Akt and ERKs, decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and severe morphological changes. Dexamethasone pretreatment significantly attenuated bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. Conclusion Dexamethasone can protect N2a cells from bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity through stabilization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and inhibition of dephosphorylation of Akt and ERKs.

Objective To investigate the efffect of carboxy-methyl-chitosan (CM-chitosan) on NF-kB activation and iNOS expression in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes, and the mechanism is explored. The statistical treatment was ANOVA. Methods The chondrocytes derived from knee joint of rats were cultured in vitro. 10 ng/ml IL-1β with or without CM-chitosan of varied concentrations (100, 200, 300 μg/ml) was added into the culture medium. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The expression of NF-κBn and NFκBc as well as I-κB were examined by Western blotting. Results CM-chitosan could significantly decrease iNOS expression of IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Degradation of I-κB and NF-κB nuclear translocation were reversed by carbox-ymethyl-chitosan. Conclusion The study has demonstrated that CM-chitosan can inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory mediators in rat chondrocytes when stimulated with IL-1β through a NF-κB-dependent mechanism.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of triflusal capsule in healthy volunteers. METHODS:In ran-domized test,36 healthy volunteers were randomly divided into 3 groups. They were given low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose of Triflusal capsule(300 mg,600 mg and 900 mg),qd,for one day,and then pharmacokinetic study of single dose of Triflusal capsule was conducted;Triflusal capsule medium-dose group was continuously given medicine for 13 days,and then pharmacokinetic study of multiple dose of Triflusal capsule was conducted. The plasma concentration of triflusal was determined by LC-MS/MS,and Zorbax SB-C18 column was used with methanol-0.2% formic acid (80:20,V/V) at the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. ESI was adopted in MRM mode,negative ion detection was carried out,quantitative analysis m/z 247.1→161.1(triflusal),m/z 294.0→250.0(internal standard, diclofenac sodium). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using WinNonlin 6.2 software,and the difference of them were compared. RESULTS:The linear range of triflusal were 0.05-20 μg/ml. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of triflusal capsules high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups were as follows:t1/2 were (0.45 ± 0.20),(0.47 ± 0.10),(0.43 ± 0.20) h;tmax were (0.56±0.20),(0.60±0.20),(0.47±0.40)h;cmax were(3.30±0.98),(10.65±3.26),(13.96±4.88)μg/ml;AUC0-8 h were(3.99±0.93), (13.29±1.72),(19.62±6.78)μg·h/ml;within dose of 300-900 mg,linear relationship was found between cmax,AUC0-8 h and dose(R2=0.954,0.986). When reaching stable state of multiple dose,average blood concentration was(0.71±0.20)μg/ml;main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows:AUCs(17.10±4.82)μg·h/ml,t1/2(0.49±0.10)h,tmax(0.85±0.62)h,cmax(11.58±3.99)μg/ml,AUC0-8 h (16.99±4.84)μg·h/ml,AUC0-∞(17.08±4.81)μg·h/ml;accumulation factor(1.28±0.40). tmax and t1/2 of single dose were similar to those of multiple dose. CONCLUSIONS:LC-MS/MS can determine the content of triflusal in human plasma rapidly and accurately, and accumulation phenomena exist in healthy Chinese volunteers,which shows linear pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and drug-susceptibility characteristics of yeast speeies in tumor patients with invasive yeast infections in order to provide the gist for clinical therapy.Methods The medical records of 70 tumor patients with invasive yeast infections from January 2006 to December 2008 were collected.retrospectively.The relationship between different tumor types and invasive yeast infections was analyzed.The clinical distribution and drug-susceptibility characteristics of 70 isolates of yeast were investigated.Results The sites of invasive yeast infections were abdominal(32 cases),blood(18 cases),biliary(9 cases),central nervous system(6 cases)and chest infection(5 cases).respectively.The most common species causing the above infections was Candida albicans(34 isolates,48.6%).The mortality of invasive yeast infection was 15.7%.The main types of tumor in 70 patients with invasive yeast infections were pancreatic carcinoma(12 cases),stomach carcinoma(11 cases)and hepatocellular carcinoma(7 cases).No relationship was found between tumor types and yeast infections with different species(P=0.804,P>0.05).There were 18 patients with tumor metastasis.Among them.9 patients had yeast bloodstream infections and 6 with yeast abdominal infections.Yeast bloodstream infections were more likely to be found in patients with tumor metastasis(χ~2=5.357,P<0.05).Seventy isolates of yeasts were all sensitive to triazoles.The MIC values of amphotericin B aginst 6 isolates of Candida and 2 Laurent cryptococcal were 2μg/ml.Conclusion Patients with tumor metastasis should be paid more attention for yeast invasive infections.and triazoles kept activity against yeasts tested.

Objective To investigate the reason and prevention of complications of head and neck expander implant.Methods From May,2003 to October,2007,patients with expander implant in the skin soft tissues of head and neck were retrospectively reviewed.Results A total of 139 expanders were implanted in 68 patients.Complications caused by the expander included appearance(1 case),leaking(1 case),haematoma(2 cases)and infection(2 cases).Conclusion The complications induced by expander implanted in head and neck are more commonly occurred.The prevention and early detection of the complication are important to decrease its ineidence and the degree of damage.Moreover,surgeon's procedure and operational methods are main factors in the prevention of complications.

Colleges are important places which cultivate high-tech talent and implement tech-nological innovation. In the management mechanism, the experimental teaching center, a secondary teaching unit of Chongqing Medical University, can integrates teaching resources effectively. Accord-ing to experimental teaching program , the hierarchical experimental teaching curriculum reform has been carried out. By performing open and innovative experiment of medical practice, standardizing the practice process of innovative experiment project, improving the activity of students to participate in the project, we try to explore the new way of medical talent cultivation.