This study was aimed to develop a maximum a posteriori Bayesian (MAPB) estimation method to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters based on D-optimal sampling strategy. Meanwhile, the performance of MAPB was compared with the multiple linear regression (MLR) method in terms of accuracy and precision. Pharmacokinetic study of pioglitazone was employed as the example case. The population pharmacokinetics was characterized by nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM). The sparse sampling strategy (1-4 points) was identified by D-optimal algorithm using WinPOPT software. The simulated data generated by Monte Carlo method were used to access the performance of MAPB and MLR. As the number of samples per subject decreased, the accuracy and precision of MAPB method tended to get worse. The estimation for CL and Vby MAPB using D-optimal two-point design had less bias with low inter-individual variability, and had more bias and imprecision with high residue variability. The estimation of AUC by MAPB using D-optimal 2 points design had similar accuracy and precision to MLR. However, MAPB estimation was better than MLR while adjusting the sampling time to one hour. Overall, the MAPB method had similar predictive performance as MLR, but MAPB could provide more pharmacokinetic information with higher sampling flexibility.

Objective To investigate the levels and clinical significance of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and tissue factor (TF) in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods Forty-nine elderly patients with AECOPD(AECOPD group) and 30 healthy controls (control group) were selected,and AECOPD group was divided into procalcitonin (PCT) increased group (PCT ≥ 0.5 μ g/L,19 cases) and PCT normal group (PCT ＜ 0.5 μ g/L,30 cases) according to the level of serum PCT.The levels of plasma TF,serum MCP-1 and PCT were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results The levels of plasma TF and serum MCP-1 were (203.6 ± 92.9),(152.8 ±99.9) ng/L in AECOPD group,and (136.9 ±24.3),(87.5 ±41.5) ng/L in control group.There were significant differences in the levels of plasma TF and serum MCP-1 between AECOPD group and control group (P＜0.01).The level of plasma TF was positively correlated with serum MCP-1 (r =0.673,P=0.029).The levels of plasma TF and serum MCP-1 were (215.3 ±71.2),(181.1 ±61.6) ng/L in PCT increased group,and (192.4 ±79.7),(137.3 ±74.4) ng/L in PCT normal group.There were significant differences in the levels of plasma TF and serum MCP-1 between PCT increased group and PCT normal group (P＜0.05).Conclusions In patients with AECOPD,hypercoagulability state is activated,and it is more severe in the patients with increased PCT.The level of plasma TF is positively correlated with serum MCP-1 in patients with AECOPD.To monitor the levels of plasma TF and serum MCP-1 is particularly important for elderly patients of AECOPD with hypercoagulability state to prevent cardiovascular,lungs and cerebrovascular thrombotic disease.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristic and the predicting value of plasma Apelin in elderly patients with sepsis.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 26 sepsis patients aged (72.9±9.7) years in average and 30 healthy controls.Serum Apelin level was measured by ELISA.Body mass index (BMI) and C-reaction protein (CRP) were detected.Patients were divided into survival group (n=18) and death group (n 8).According to acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ,patients were divided into subgroup A (n=14,APACHE Ⅱ score≤20) and subgroup B (n=12,APACHE Ⅱ score＞20).Results The Apelin concentration was higher in sepsis patients than in healthy controls [(0.38±0.15)ng/L vs.(0.19±0.12)ng/L,t=2.011,P＜0.05].The Apelin concentration was lower in survival group than in death group[(0.21 ± 0.29)ng/L vs.(0.49 ± 0.32) ng/L,t =2.094,P＜0.05].The Apelin level was increased with APACHE Ⅱ scores increment in sepsis patients (P＜0.05).Multivariable logistic analysis showed that when taking survival/death as the dependent variable and Apelin as the independent variable,the ()R value was 4.162 with 95％ CI:1.115-15.535(P＜0.05).Conclusions Increased serum Apelin level reflects the severity of illness in patients with sepsis,which is a risk factor for death in prognosis of sepsis.

Objective To summarize the expression of CK19, HBME-land 34βE12 in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (PCT) and their differential diagnostic value. Methods Clinical data of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid,nodular goiter and paraeareinoma were reviewed. All HE slides were reexamined and immunostains for CK19, HBME-land 34βEI2 were performed in selected case. Staining results were evaluated. Results Those cases typically showed complex papillary structures and interstitial fibrosis, while nuclear features included ground class appearance, grooves and nuclear pseudoinelusion. The positive rates for CKI9, HBME-1 and 34βE12 in PCT were 100.0 %, 89.4 % and 42.6 % respectively, the differences were statistically significant(P <0.01). Conclusion PCT occurs preferentially in the group of middle-aged women. The diagnosis of PCT should be distinguished from other plesiomorphous benign papillary lesions. Combined detection of CK19, HBME-1, 34βE12 can be most helpful for diagnosis for of PCT.

Objective To analyze CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127 regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer and their change regularity, and to investigate the immunosuppression mechanism. Methods The peripheral blood was collected from 175 patients with thyroid nodules, including 43 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and 132 patients with nodular goiter.By using monoclonal antibodies, the blood samples were evaluated with the flow cytomertry for lymphocyte subsets and Treg cells. Results The results showed the prevalence of the CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127 Treg in differentiated thyroid cancer group [(6.48±1.49) %] and nodular goiter group [(6.23+1.67) %] was higher than those in the healthy group [(5.62±1.48) %], and the difference was significant(P < 0.005), but there was no significant difference between the nodular goiter group and differentiated thyroid cancer group (P >0.005).Conclusion It is concluded that the relative increase of CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127 Treg in peripheral blood of patients with nodular goiter and differentiated thyroid cancer may be related to immunosuppression and tumor progression.

Objective To detect left atrial (LA) function and left ventricular (LV)-LA coupling using vector flow mapping (VFM) and two-dimensional tissue tracking (2DTT) echocardiography in patients with diabetes.Methods A total of 51 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM group) and 38 healthy volunteers (control group) were studied.LA and LV strain were assessed by 2DTT.The energy loss (EL) of LA and LV during ventricular systole (ELs),early diastole (ELed),and atrial contraction (ELac) were measured by VFM.Results LVEL in DM group was significantly increased compared to that in control group (P<0.05).LAELs and LAELed in control group were higher than those in DM group (P<0.05);while LAELac decreased in control group (P<0.05).Multivariate regression analysis identified E and LVELed as independent predictors of LAELed;Peak torsion,LA peak systolic strain and LVELac were independent predictors of LAELac.Conclusions The reservoir and conduit function of LA are impaired in patients with DM,while the pump function increases as a compensation.Abnormal LA-LV coupling also appears in patients with DM.

Objective:To study the expression of Survivin,VEGF,p53 and their correlation inbreast cancer, 22 cases of hyperplasia of mammary gland and 10 cases of paracainoma normal tissues by immunohistochemical technique (SP).Results: The positive rates of Survivin were 76.7%,18.2% and 0% in breast cancer, hyperplasia of mammary gland and paracacinoma normal tissues (P

Objectives To detect the loss of heterozygosity(LOH)frequencies of microsatellite loci D9S171and D9S1604in p16gene of psoriatic keratinocytes,and to study the correlation between mi-crosatellite LOH of p16gene and the development of psoriasis.Methods By the use of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-silver staining,LOH was detected with23sam-ples of keratinocytes from psoriatic lesions and non-lesion skin.Results LOH was identified at loci D9S171and D9S1604in5and10out of23keratinocyte samples from LOH-exhibited psoriatic lesions,and in2and3of keratinocyte samples from psoriatic non-lesion skin,respectively.The frequency of LOH at D9S1604was significantly higher in psoriatic lesion samples than that in psoriatic non-lesion skin(P

Objective:To establish the determination methods for 5-HMF during the processing of polygonatums by HPLC and GC-MS. Methods:The contents of 5-HMF during the processing of three species of polygonatum were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, and the correlation curve of the processing time and the contents was established to study the change regularity of 5-HMF during the processing. Results:The contents of 5-HMF in the three species of polygonatum processed by steamed and stewed methods reached the peak value in 16h or so. The 5-HMF contents in the three species of polygonatum showed significant difference in the order of Polygo-natum cyrtonema Hua>Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. >Polygonatum. sibiricum Red. After the processing, the content of 5-HMF was increased, and the increase in stewed method was more notable than that in steamed method. Conclusion: The study pro-vides theoretical basis for the further study on the processing of polygonatum.

0.05), while the strength and stiffness were significantly different (P