Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cadherins ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Catenins ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Lymphoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mastitis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Plasmacytoma ; metabolism ; pathology

An EPA and DHA enriched fish oil ( containing EPA 0.24 g/L, DHA 0.47g/L ) was administered by gastric intubation at the dose of O.2ml/100g wt for a period of one month in the hyperlipoprotein-emia rats caused by high lipid and cholesterol feeding. The administration of fish oil resulted in reduction in TG ( Triglyceride ) ; TC ( Total Cholesterol ) and VLDL-C + LDL-C levels in serum. Levels of HDL2-C and ratio of HDL2/HDL3 were elevated although there was no significant change in level of HDL-C. The study suggests that oral administration of EPA and DHA enriched fish oil might reduce the developoment of atherosclerosis.

Fanconi Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Potassium ; therapeutic use ; Prognosis ; Proteinuria ; etiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Vitamin D ; therapeutic use

Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; DNA ; analysis ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal ; genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; SMN Complex Proteins

Aim To study the pharmacokinetics characteristics of galanthamine hydrohromide sustained release tablets and conventional tablets in healthy volunteers after a single and multiple oral doses. MethodsA single and multiple oral doses of galanthamine hydrohromide sustained release tablets and conventional tablets were given to 20 healthy male volunteers in a randomized cross-over study. We developed an LC-MS assay using naloxone as the internal standard to determine the plasma concentrations of galanthamine, calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and evaluate the relative bioavailability and sustained release characteristics of galanthamine hydrohromide sustained release tablet. Results The pharmacokinetic parameters of the sustained release tablet and conventional tablet obtained from the single-dose study were as follows: the HVD_12 C_max(time span during which the plasma concentration is at least half of the C_max value)were (15.4?1.7) h and (5.4?2.5) h, the retard quotients (R△,the HVD_12 C_max ratio of sustained release tablets to conventional tablets) of sustained release tablet was 3.4?1.4, the T_max were (4.4?1.5) h and (1.3?1.2) h, the C_max were (27.5?2.9) ?g?L-1 and (53.7?12.7) ?g?L-1.Results showed significant sustained release characteristics of the sustained release tablet. The relative bioavailability of the sustained release tablet was (95.9?14.2) %。The pharmacokinetic parameters of the sustained release tablet and conventional tablet obtained from the multi-dose study were as follows: the T_max were (3.0?1.6) h and (0.9?0.3) h,the CSS_max were (58.8?9.4) ?g?L-1 and (52.0?6.9) ?g?L-1,the CSS_min were (16.2?4.0) ?g?L-1 and (22.5?5.0) ?g?L-1,the C_av were (39.0?3.9) ?g?L-1 and (37.1?5.0) ?g?L-1,the DF were 1.1 ?0.3 and 0.8?0.1, respectively. Results of two one-side t test showed that AUC_SS、CSS_max、C_av of two tablets were bioeqivalent. Conclusion Results showed that the sustained release tablet and the regular tablet were bioequivalent in absorbed extent, and the sustained release tablet exhibited a good retarding effect in release.

Objective To evaluate the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent autophagic signaling pathway in ketamine-induced reduction of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) in rats.Methods Sixty male Wistar rats,aged 3 months,weighing 200-250 g,were equally randomized into 5 groups using a random number table:control group (C group),normal saline group (NS group),ketamine group (K group),ketamine + Compound C group (KC group),and ketamine + 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (KM group).DNP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ)65 mg/kg in anesthetized rats.Four weeks later,the equal volume of normal saline,ketamine 10 mg/kg,ketamine 10 mg/kg + Compound C1 mg/kg,and ketamine + 3-MA 2 μl were injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 consecutive days in NS,K,KC and KM groups,respectively.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured on 8th day.The rats were then sacrificed,and the lunbar segment (L1-5) of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of AMPKαt,Beclin-1,microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC) 3B (by Western blot) and dendritic spine density in the dorsal root ganglia.Results Compared with group C,the MWT,expression of AMPKα,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly decreased in group NS (P＜0.05).Compared with group NS,the MWT,expression of AMPKαt,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly increased in group K (P＜0.05).Compared with group K,the MWT,expression of AMPKα,Beclin-1,and LC3B,and dendritic spine density were significantly decreased in KC and KM groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Activation of AMPK-dependent autophagic pathway is involved in ketamine-induced reduction of DNP in rats.

Objective To compare the treatment effects and toxicity of convention fractionation ra- diotherapy(CFR),late course accelerated hyperfractionafion radiotherapy(LCAFR) and whole course accel- erated hyperfractionation radiotherapy(WCAFR) for patients with middle or low thoracic esophageal moder- ately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.Methods Ninety patients with middle or low thoratic esoph- ageal carcinoma were divided into three groups:1.CFR group,patients were irradiated 2.0 Gy/f,5 times a week,to a total dose of 70 Gy;2.LCAFR group,patients were first irradiated with CFR to 40 Gy,then fol- lowed by 1.5 Gy/f bid,at more than 6 hoursinterval,5 times a week,to a total dose of 70 Gy;3.WCAFR group,patients were irradiated 1.5 Gy/f bid,at more than 6 hoursinterval,5 times a week,to a total dose of 72 Gy.Results The 1-,2-,3-year local control rate was 47%,17% and 0% in CFR group,60%,20% and 20% in LCAFR group,60%,40% and 33% in WCAFR group,respectively.The 1-,2-,3-year survival rate was 47%,20% and 10% in CFR group,63%,43% and 17% in LCAFR group,and 63% ,50% and 33% in WCAFR group,respectively.There were better results in the latter two groups(P＜0.01).The a- cute toxic effect was severer in the WCAHF and LCAF groups than in CF group.Highter grade 2-3 acute esophagitis rate was observed both in WCAHF and LCAF groups.There were no significant differences in late esophagitis rate between the three groups.The grade 1-2 acute radiation pneumonitis rates were higher in WCAHF group than in LCAF and CF groups.One patient died of radiation pneumonitis in WCAHF group. Conclusions Whole course accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy can significantly improve the local control rates and the 1-and 2-year survival rates of esophageal cancer,but can also increase the toxicity.

BACKGROUNDContrast media administration can result in severe nephrotoxicity under pathological conditions such as diabetic nephropathy, congestive heart failure, dehydration, et al. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary hypercholesterolemia on contrast media-induced changes in renal function, blood flow, and histopathology.

METHODSRats were fed either on a normal rodent diet (group N) or a high-cholesterol supplemented diet (group H; 4% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid) for 8 weeks. Half of the animals (n = 6) from each diet group were then given a tail vein injection of 60% diatrizoate (6 ml/kg; group NC and group HC) and the other half were administered saline. Total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance rate, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, and cortical nitric oxide production were determined one day following contrast media administration. Renal blood flow was determined by color Doppler flow imaging and pulsed-mode Doppler. Renal histopathology was observed by light microscopy.

RESULTSTotal serum cholesterol and resistance indices of renal blood vessels increased significantly, while creatinine clearance rate and production of nitric oxide in the renal cortex decreased markedly in group HC and group H when compared to group N and group NC. The creatinine clearance rate decreased significantly in group HC compared to group H. Serum creatinine levels and fractional excretion of sodium and potassium in group HC were significantly higher than those in the other three groups. Severe tubular degeneration and necrosis, protein cast accumulation, and medullary congestion were found in group HC.

CONCLUSIONHypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for contrast media-induced nephropathy. Hypercholesterolemia aggravates contrast media-induced nephrotoxicity through the reduced production of nitric oxide.

Animals ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; toxicity ; Contrast Media ; toxicity ; Kidney Diseases ; chemically induced ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Renal Circulation

OBJECTIVETo study the pathology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the breast featuring expansile invasion.

METHODSMorphologic analysis and immunohistochemical study using MaxVision method were carried out in 25 cases of papillary carcinoma of the breast featuring expansile type of invasion.

RESULTSAll the 25 cases were female, and ranged from 26 to 84 years old in age with median of 69. The diameters of the neoplasms were from 1 cm to 5 cm, among which those of two cases were 4 cm and 5 cm respectively and the others were less than 2.5 cm. The tumor appeared solid and well-demarcated on gross examination. Histologically, the tumor was non-encapsulated. In some cases, the tumor tissue was separated by fibrous septa or intervening native breast tissue. The tumor was composed of arborizing papillae with fibrovascular cores, associated glandular fusion and cribriform pattern. The fibrovascular cores were covered by cuboidal to columnar cells. In 3 of the cases studied, focal transition with micropapillary ductal carcinoma-in-situ was demonstrated. The tumor cells showed mild or moderate degree of nuclear pleomorphism and contained amphophilic to eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were not frequently seen. One case displayed squamous metaplasia and 4 cases showed apocrine metaplasia. Dimorphic features were identified in 2 cases. The stromal tissue within the tumor was often scanty and sometimes sclerotic, associated with various degrees of inflammatory infiltrate and hemosiderin deposition. Immunohistochemical study for smooth muscle actin, p63, CD10 and CK5/6 showed negative staining in all of the 25 cases studied, including the 2 cases with dimorphic features. Seven cases had breast cancer marker study performed. Six cases were positive for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. HER2 oncoprotein was not over-expressed in 6 cases. Nine patients underwent axillary dissection and 2 of them showed axillary nodal metastasis.

CONCLUSIONSDiagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the breast is one of the most difficult areas in breast pathology. Demonstration of expansile type of invasion, when coupled with complex papillary fusion, cribriform pattern and absence of myoepithelial cells on immunohistochemistry, is helpful in arriving at a correct diagnosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Middle Aged ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism ; Receptors, Progesterone ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the pathologic and immunohistochemical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast and syringomatous adenoma of the nipple.

METHODSSix cases of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast and four cases of syringomatous adenoma of the nipple were examined histologically and immunohistochemically (MaxVision method), and the literature was reviewed.

RESULTSThe two types of tumors were similar in morphology, but located in different regions with low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma being present in the deep parenchyma and syringomatous adenoma in nipple. Both types of tumors were composed mainly of well-differentiated glands with angulated, comma shaped or polliwog appearance in a disordered infiltrative pattern. The tumor cells also formed solid tubules, strips or nests, with frequent areas of squamoid differentiation. Mitosis was rare. The interstitial tissue showed abundant spindle cells or sclerotic fibrosis with mixed inflammatory cells infiltration. One case of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma showed a concomitant malignant adenomyoepithelioma, and another case showed concomitant spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma. One case of syringomatous adenoma involved the deep parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma showed that CK5/6 and p63 were positive in the outer layer of the glands and the squamoid epithelium, and CD10 was also positive in the outer layer of the glands. ER and HER2 were negative, and PR was also negative except for one case in which the spindle cells were positive for CK5/6, AE1/AE3 and PR focally. Immunostaining of syringomatous adenoma demonstrated that p63 and CK5/6 were positive in the outer layer of the glands and the squamoid epithelium. Calponin, SMA, ER, PR and HER2 were all negative.

CONCLUSIONSLow-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast and syringomatous adenoma of the nipple are similar in morphology and immunohistochemical phenotype, while the biological features are opposite due to different locations. The differential diagnoses include tubular carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, radial sclerosing lesions and others.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; Adult ; Aged ; Breast ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratin-5 ; metabolism ; Keratin-6 ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Neprilysin ; metabolism ; Nipples ; pathology ; Sclerosis ; Sweat Gland Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Syringoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; metabolism