Long-term endurance training or physical activity has been confirmed not only to improve physical performance, but to bring about an obvious beneficial effect on human health; however, the mechanism of this effect is not clear. The most studied health adaptations in skeletal muscle response to endurance exercise are increased muscle glycogen level and insulin sensitivity, fiber type transformation toward oxidative myofibers, and increased mitochondrial content/function. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles in eukaryotic cells critical in physical performance and disease occurrence. The mitochondrial life cycle spans biogenesis, maintenance, and clearance. Exercise training may promote each of these processes and confer positive impacts on skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. This review focused on the regulation of these processes by endurance exercise and discussed its potential benefits in health and disease. We presented evidence suggesting that exercise training potentiates not only the biogenesis of mitochondria but also the removal of old and unhealthy mitochondria through mitochondrial quality control.
Adaptation, Physiological ; Exercise ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for all three nitric oxide synthase (NOS isoforms), which plays an important role in vascular diseases. GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH 1) is the first-step and rate-limiting enzyme for BH4 biosynthesis in its de novo pathway. Common GCH1 gene variant C+243T in the 3'-untranslated region predicts NO excretion. The present study examined the predictive role of GCH 1 gene 3'-UTR C+243T variant in the long-term outcome of ischemic stroke. A total of 142 patients with first-onset ischemic stroke were recruited and detected for genotype of GCH1 3'-UTR C+243T by a TaqMan SNP Genotyping assay. Subsequent vascular events and death were determined over a 5-year follow-up period. The frequency of GCH1 3'-UTR +243 C/T or T/T genotype was significantly increased in patients with endpoint events as compared with those without events (74% vs 57.8%, P=0.06). Cox regression survival analysis indicated that an increased probability of death or new vascular events was found in patients with GCH1 3'-UTR +243 C/T or T/T genotype compared with those with GCH1 3'-UTR C/C genotype (40.6% vs 25.5%), GCH1 3'-UTR +243 C/T or T/T genotype relative to GCH1 3'-UTR C/C genotype was associated with the increased risk of death or vascular events even after adjustment for other risk factors (OR=2.171, 95% CI: 1.066-4.424, P=0.033). It was concluded that GCH1 3'-UTR C+243T variant was an independent predictor of worsening long-term outcomes in patients with first-onset ischemic stroke.

With the research on tumor immunity and tumor immunosuppression development,immunotherapies for lung cancer has become a research hotspot.Tumor immune microenvironment plays an important role in tumor genesis,development and metastasis of lung cancer.Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the dominant leukocyte population found in immune microenvironment of lung cancer.The relationship between TAMs and lung cancer becomes clear with further research.TAMs may become the new target of lung cancer immunotherapy.

ObjectiveTo study the effect of berberine on diabetes or insulin resistance accompanied with reduction of skeletal moscle and wasting in db/db mice.Methods db/db mouse-a model of diabetes/insulin-resistance was studied,with the wild type mouse as control.After being treated with berberine ( 5 mg · kg-1 · d-1 ) for 3 weeks,the muscle size of tibia anterior (TA) of the animals was measured after staining with laminine/Hyosin Heavy chain-Slow using immunochemistry,then observed under fluorescent microscope and calculated with software.The rate of [ 14 C ] -Phenalanine incorporation into the uuscle was measured to analyze the protein synthesis,and the [ 3 H ] -Tyrosine released into the medium was determined in order to analyze protein degradation.The mRNA expressions of muscle atrophy Fbox-1 ( Atrogin-1 ) and muscle ring finger-1 ( MuRF-1 ) were measured by Northern blot.Results With berberine treatment,blood glucose and fat levels were lowered [ ( 18.55 ± 3.79 vs 26.32 ± 4.02 ) mmol/L,P＜0.01 ; ( 2.75 ± 0.30 vs 3.77 ± 0.52 ) g,P＜0.05 ],but tibia anterior muscle weight/length ratio and cross-section area were decreased,rates of protein synthesis in isolated muscles of db/db mice were decreased by 18％ -22％,and the rates of degradation were significantly raised by 24％ -26％ after berberine treatment.There also was increased the transcription and translation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1,accompanied with decreased eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit (eIF3-f)protein level simultaneously. ConclusionBerberine improves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by down-regulating blood sugar and body fat,but it causes reduced protein synthesis and minimally enhanced protein degradation.The mechanism might be related to berberine-induced up-regulating Atrogin-1 、MurF-1 and down-regulating eIF3-f.

Objective To observe the effect of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)on apoptosis and matrix metabolism of rat intervertebral.disc cells cultured in vitro. Methods Culture system of rat intervertebral disc cells was established to culture the monolayer intervertebral disc cells in vitro.The well-grown intervertebral disc cells of the second generation were chosen and anti-Fas antibody was applied to induce their apoptosis.Then,VEGF at different concentrations ( 10,100,1 000 μg/L)were used to affect their apoptosis and metabolism.The apoptosis of the cells stained with Propidium Iodide (PI) was detected by using flow cytometry.The levels of hydroxyproline and proteoglycan in the culture medium were detected by using chloramines T method and DMB chromometry method,respectively.Results ( 1 ) The apoptotic ratio of the intervertebral disc cells affected by different concentrations of VEGF (10,100,1 000 μg/L) was (87.62 ±11.06)％,(53.30 ±9.23)％ and (16.75 ±4.21)％ respectively,with significant differences in comparison with the control group (P ＜ 0.01 ).(2)The contents of hydroxyproline [ (6.71 ±0.33) μg/L,(9.12 ±0.41 ) μg/L,( 11.58 ±0.12) μg/L] and proteoglycan [ (23.21 ± 2.87) μg/L,( 32.45 ± 5.23 ) μg/L,(37.18 ± 3.22) μg/] in the culture medium raised with the increase of VEGF concentration ( 10,100,1 000 μg/L),with statistical differences compared with those of the control group (P ＜0.01 ).The contents of hydroxyproline and proteoglycan were positively correlated with the concentration of VEGF (ra=0.972,P＜0.01;rb =0.907,P＜0.01). Conclusion VEGF can inhibit the apoptosis of the rat intervertebral disc cells cultured in vitro and promote collagen and proteoglycan synthesis of the cell matrix.

Objective To investigate the correlation of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI features with microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods Conventional MR imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced scan in thirty-three patients with NSCLC confirmed by pathologyn were performed. MVD and VEGF were stained with immuno-histochemical technique in all cases. Some parameters of DCE MRI, including maximum slope(Smax) and time to peak(TTP) were put more analysis. The relationship between the results of DCE MRI (Smax and TTP) and that of immuno-histochemistry (MVD and VEGF) was analysed.Results The Smax of adeno carcinoma was higher than that of squamous cell carcinoma,but TTP was lower. The difference was obvious difference(t=3.22,P

Objective To investigate the effect of preoperative oral midazolam on emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children.Methods Sixty children,34 males,26 females, aged 2-7 years,ASA grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ,receiving sevoflurane for tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy were ran-domly divided into low dose midazolam group (group M1),high dose midazolam group (group M2) and control group (group C)(n=20 each).The 5 ml mixture of midazolam 0.5 mg/kg,0.75 mg/kg and 10% glucose was taken orally 30 min before anesthesia in group M1 and group M2,respectively. While 5 ml of 10% glucose was given in group C.Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of 8%sevoflurane and maintained with intravenous infusion of remifentanil and inhalation of sevoflurane. Scores of parental separation anxiety scale(PSAS),pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale (PAED scale),FLACC scale were compared.Times to extubation and discharge from PACU were al-so recorded.Results Group C showed significantly higher incidence of separation anxiety(P <0.05). The incidence of emergence agitation,peak PAED scores,FLACC scores,time to extubation were similar among three groups.Discharge time from PACU was longer in group M2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Preoperative oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg or 0.75 mg/kg can effectively reduce parental separation anxiety.This,however,dose not result in a reduced incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia.Midazolam 0.75 mg/kg can extend the discharge time from PACU.

Oral drug-loaded nano-system include nano-gel drug delivery system, nano-suspension drug delivery system, nano-particle drug delivery system, liposomes drug delivery system, nano-micelles drug delivery system, alcohol liposoms,nano-framework drug delivery system, nano-emulsions drug delivery system, nano-self assembly drug delivery system.These nano-drug delivery systems can serve as multi-functional drug carriers.They may significantly improve the physicochemical and stabilization and biological properties of the free drug, enhance the therapeutic efficiency and reduce toxic side effects.This paper reviews the recent research progress in oral drug-loaded nano-systems.

Objective To discuss the postoperative complications of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage treated with freehand drilling skull minimally invasive puncture drainage therapy .Methods The clinical data of 158 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were retrospectively analyzed .The incidence rate ,causes and preventative measures of the postoperative complications of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage treated with free -hand drilling skull minimally invasive puncture drainage therapy were analyzed .Results 10 cases of scalp bleeding , 4 cases of epidural hemorrhage , 9 cases of puncture pathway bleeding , 24 cases of secondary bleeding , 1 case of intracranial infection,3 cases of low intracranial pressure ,5 cases of pneumoencephalos and 2 cases died.Conclusion Freehand drilling skull minimally invasive puncture drainage leads to less complications and so far it is a safe and effective therapy for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage .

Objective To explore the effective evaluation methods of case-based learning (CBL) in critical disease teaching.Methods Totally 53 undergraduate students in department of clinical medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,who practiced in our hospital from 2010 to 2012,were divided into the traditional teaching group and CBL teaching group.We used traditional teaching combining with CBL teaching in CBL group.Common cases of critical illness(severe acute pancreatitis and multiple trauma)in intensive care unit (ICU) were selected for CBL cases.The evaluation of theoretical knowledge,mini-clinical evaluation exercise(Mini-CEX)and direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) were continued after teaching and practice.Results These was no significant difference in the theoretical knowledge examination between the two groups. In Mini-CEX,the students in CBL group were better concerning the medical interview capacity (P=0.000),humanistic care (P=0.013),clinical diagnosis(P=0.035),counseling(P=0.009) and the overall clinical competence (P=0.008) than those in traditional teaching group.The DOPS scores of endotracheal intubation (P=0.016)and central venous catheterization (P=0.001)discussed in CBL teaching were significantly higher in CBL group.Conclusion Traditional theoretical knowledge examination has little significance in the assessment of CBL teaching,but Mini-CEX and DOPS can reflect the advantages of CBL teaching better in the assessment of clinical abilities and skills.