OBJECTIVE: Injuries and pathological changes of hard tissue(bone, tooth,etc.) are common clinical affairs. If the injuries or pathological changes are too serious to be treated with medication, they should be repaired or replaced by hard tissue replacement implants. Researches of hard tissue replacement implants have become an important research direction in biomaterial field at present. This paper is aimed to summarize the type, mechanical feature and biological properties of human hard tissue replacement implants for the indication of the direction in its development.STUDY SOURCES: Time of the search was from January 1998 to July 2004. Search range: 30 types of periodicals from CNKI digital library (Chinese Periodical Full Text database) and Science Direct digital library. Search words were hard tissue replacement implants, artificial bone,artificial root of tooth, bioceramic, and biological coat, etc. Search methods included electronic search and manual search, etc.STUDY SELECTION: Totally 200 corresponding literatures on human hard tissue replacement implants were selected for analysing and summarizing.DATA EXTRACTION: To summarize the corresponding information in the obtained research articles regarding hard tissue replacement implant.DATA SYNTHESIS: To comparatively analyze the mechanical and biological properties of each hard tissue replacement implant as well as their effects in practical application. The existing hard tissue replacement implants including metal materials, macromolecular materials, ceramics and their composite materials have been widely applied in clinics; however, their mechanical and biological properties have not been perfectly combined.CONCLUSION: It is always a key point(key point in researches) in biomedical material academia to find a replacement implant, of which the mechanical and biological properties perfectly suitable for the human hard tissues. The new generation of hard tissue replacement implants established by the application of biomimetic process, nano-technology, composite materisls and tissue engineering could hopefully satisfy the increasingly elevated demand of human beings.

Chemical characteristics of callosal neurons in the frontal and occipital cortex of Wistar rat were studied by means of combined method of HRP retrograde tracing andimmunocytochemistry of glutamate (Glu) and ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Glutamate containing callosal neurons were large or medium sized pyramidal cells and mainly localized in layers Ⅱ/Ⅲ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ. They tended to appear in clusters. GABA containing callosal neurons were also found. They were medium sized nonpyramidal cells with round, elliptic, or fusiform soma and were mostly localized in layers Ⅴ and Ⅵ. They also tended to appear in clusters. The percentage of GABA containing callosal neurons (about 8% and 10% in frontal and occipital cortex respectively)was much less than that of glutamate containing callosal neurons (about 17% and 29% in frontal and occipital cortex respectively). These results further confirmed that part of callosal cells used glutamate as an excitatory transmitter and firstly confirmed that some callosal neurons contained an inhibitory transmitter GABA morphologically. In view of the existence of GABA containing callosal neurons, it also suggested that at least in rat cerebral cortex,some GABA containing neurons had longer projections than local circuit neurons. According to the results of ours and other authors, we suggested that callosal system was the one that contained different kinds of neurotransmitters, and that diversification of the transmitters and their interaction in the callosal system was one of the neuroanatomical bases of the complicated and advanced functions of the callosal neurons.

Fox family transcription factors have crucial biology functions,including the regulation of proliferation,differentiation and tumorigenesis.Deregulation of Fox proteins expression may act as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors,the relevant researches have been paid more and more attentions.Here,this review focuses on the roles of Fox family genes in oncogenesis from the articles published recently.

Objectlve To examine the metaphase Ⅱ spindle and chromosome configurations of human oocytes cultured for different times after thawing.MethodsUsing slow-cooling and raid-thawing protocol combined with 0.3 mol/L sucrose and 1.5 mol/L 1,2-propanedio 1(1,2-PROH)to cryoprotect human mature oocytes(n=102),the 64 survival oocytes without abnormal zona pellucida and cytoskeletal were randomly assigned to three groups after thawing:group A:culture 1 hour(n=20),group B:culture 3 hour(n=22),group C:culture 5 hours(n=22),the fresh oocytes served as control group(n=18).Immunocytochefifical staining and fluorescence microscopy were used to assess the morphology of the metaphase Ⅱ spindle and chromosome.Results(1)The normal spindle rates of groups A,B and C were 10％(2/20),46％(10/22)and 41％(9/22)respectively,significantly decreased compared with control group (83％,15/18;P＜0.05).The rates of absent spindle in group A(45％,9/20)was significantly higher than control group(6％,1/18;P＜0.01).Also,the rates of absent spindle in group A was higher than groups B (14％,3/20)and C(14％,3/20;P＜0.05).However,no significant differences were observed in groups B and C(P＞0.05).(2)A significant increase in abnormal chromosome rate was observed in group A(30％,6/20)compared to groups B(68％,15/22),C(64％,14/22)and control group(78％,14/18;P＜0.05).No differences in chromosome morphology were observed in groups B,C and control group(P＞0.05).Conclusions The cryoprotectant protocol leads to a deleterious effect on the organization of the meiotic spindle and chromosome at MⅡ stage.The 3-5 hours post-thawing incubation could permit restoration of the meiotic spindles and chromosome.

Objective To observe the incidence of residual gallbladder in patients undergone cholecystectomy through laparotomy (OC),mini-incision laparotomy cholecystectomy (MC) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC),and to explore the causes,diagnosis,prevention and treatment of residual gallbladder.Methods The clinical data of 241 patients undergone laparotomy cholecystectomy (OC group),231 patients undergone mini-incision laparotomy cholecystectomy (MC group) and 290 patients undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC group) were retrospectively analyzed,and the incidence of residual gallbladder was compared among the three groups.Results Residual gallbladder was found in 32 patients after the surgical procedures,with 4 in OC group (1.7%),13 in MC group (5.6%) and 15 in LC group (5.2%),respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the incidence of residual gallbladder was lower in OC group than in MC and LC group (P0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that severity of inflammation before the operation,operative methods and operator's experience were correlated with the incidence of residual gallbladder.All the 32 cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography,computed tomography (CT),magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).24 patients were cured with surgical procedure,and the symptoms disappeared during a follow-up period of 6 months to 9 years;other 8 cases were treated with conservative management and the results were unsatisfactory.The pathological examination showed no tumor or malignant change in the excised specimen.Conclusions Residual gallbladder is not a negligible complication of cholecystectomy.Effective control of inflammation of the gallbladder,selection of a proper time and procedure of operation,and the operation done by an experienced surgeon can reduce the incidence of residual gallbladder,and reoperation is the effective treatment for it.

Artificial bone replacement has made an important contribution to safeguard human health and improve the quality of life. The application requirements of rapid prototyping technology based on reverse engineering in individualized artificial bone with individual differences are particularly urgent. This paper reviewed the current research and applications of rapid prototyping and reverse engineering in artificial bone. The research developments and the outlook of bone kinematics and dynamics simulation are also introduced.
Biomedical Engineering ; Bone Substitutes ; Bone and Bones ; Humans

Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Translations

Objective To evaluate the role of clinical features,radiography and histopathology in differential diagnosis between chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis(CNPA)and aspergilloma.Methods Thirty-four patients including 8 cases of CNPA and 26 of aspergilloma comfirmed by operation and histopathology in First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University were investigated retrospectively.The clinical manifestations,radiological and pathological findings of all the patients were analyzed and related references were reviewed. Results The age of onset was not significantly different between CNPA and aspergilloma.Obsolete pulmonary tuberculosis and lung abscess were predisposing factors of them.Productive cough was presented in all 8 cases of CNPA,haemoptvsis in 7,and 5 were presented with constitutional symptoms.The most common symptom of aspergilloma was haemoptysis, which was presented in 25 cases.The less common symptoms were cough and sputum,which was presented in 17 cases.Only two cases were presented with constitutional symptoms."Air crescent"sign at radiography was typical and suggestive of diagnosis in both CNPA and aspergilloma,but the wall of cavity in CNPA was thicker and irregular,infiltrates were often to be seen around the cavity.Histologically,CNPA and aspergilloma both showed septate fungal hyphae branching at an acute angle.CNPA was characterized with the presence of tissue invasion by aspergillus,tissue necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Fungal hyphae ware only found in a preexistent cavity or ectatic bronchus without tissue invasion in aspergilloma.Conclusions Histopathology is gold standard of differential diagnosis of CNPA and aspergilloma. Meanwhile, clinical features and radiological findings appear to be valuable for the diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid method of detecting class D carbapenemase gene in Acinetobacter baumannii by multiplex PCR.METHODS Design primers according to the conservative region of blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23,the class D carbapenemase gene were detected by Multiplex PCR.RESULTS 24 of 30 A.baumannii isolates produced two bands of blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23;other 6 isolates showed a band of blaOXA-23.CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR could detect rapidly the class D carbapenemase gene.

AIM: To study the effects of cripto antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) on telomerase activity in colon cancer LS-174T cells. METHODS: Colon cancer LS-174T cells were treated with cripto ASODN. The expression of cripto mRNA was studied using real-time PCR. The telomerase activity was detected by telomeric repeat amplification protocol enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay (TRAP-ELISA). The growth of LS-174T cells was observed with soft agar. RESULTS: Cripto ASODN inhibited the growth of LS-174T cells in a dose-dependent manner in soft agar. Cripto ASODN decreased the telomerase activity in colon cancer LS-174T cells, and the effects of repression were time-and dose-dependent. CONCLUSION: Cripto may contribute to the activation of telomerase in colon cancer.