This article focuses on the rapidly evolving understanding of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of the bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) [myeloproliferative disorders (MPD)],such as polycythemia vera (PV),essential thrombocythemia (ET),and primary myelofibrosis (MF).The amplify therapies were reviewed and IFN-α is an effective agent for these MPN (MPD).Also,the article emphasize once again avoidance MPN and select MPD for such chinese patients.

The outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been improved over past 50 years due to the advances in HLA matching and increasing sources of HSC donors,such as developments and progressions of HLA-matched sibling donor transplantation (MSDT),umbilical cord transplantation (UCBT/CBT),unrelative donor transplantation (URDT),and HLA haploidentical transplantation (haplo-SCT).To review and discuss progressions in field of allo-HSCT,we studied relative advances reports of Education Program Book,54th-ASH,2012.Howeover,the outcomes of allo-HSCT can be quite different according to different diseases,disease phase or patient age.Furthermore,according to our local experiences,we emphasize again significance of HSCT donor safety.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originates from rare leukemia stem cells (LSC).Because these chemotherapy-resistant LSC are thought to underlie disease relapse,effective therapeutic strategies specifically targeting these cells may be beneficial.With the increasing knowledge regarding the LSC,several major directions in targeted therapies with regard to LSC are being investigated.These include targeting cell surface molecules,signal pathways,and microenvironment of LSC.Since eliminating LSC-should provide an efficient,potentially curative treatment option for leukemia patients,this article reviews the recent progress of LSC targeting in AML therapy.

Marketization has become the mainstream since the new public management emerges globally in second half of the 20th century. Some countries infuse private capital into medical institutions which used to be managed by the government originally, and cause the medical industry reforms to be market-oriented. Market-oriented reforms of medical institutions may have risks in the following aspects: the risk of uneven distribution of medical resources, the risk of market failure, the moral risk of government renting-seeking and corruption and the decay of social justice values. Measures of controlling these risks include deifning the function orientation of the government, completing the institution-building of healthcare system, improving primary medical system and strengthening social consciousness of hospitals.

Cranial irradiation is routinely used for the treatment of almost all brain tumors,but it may cause disastrous injury in brain,especially in the hippocampus that has cognitional and emotional regulation functions.Several studies have investigated the mechanisms of radiation-induced hippocampal dysfunctions such as hippocampal neurogenesis,neurotrophin and neuroinflammation,and provided effective prevention strategies such as exercise,environmental enrichment,anti-inflammatory and intrahippocampal transplantation of neural stem cells.This review discussed the curent progresses and challenges of hippocampal dysfunction induced by cranial irradiation and provided new insights for preclinical and clinical researches.

CALR mutations are discovered in classic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) as a new biomarker very recently.CALR mutations occur in about 20 ％-35 ％ essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis and are associated with some clinical features and favorable prognostic impact.This article reviews biological characteristics and clinical implications of CALR mutations in classic MPN.

Objective To discuss the way of treating accelerated rejection. Methods Seven patients of accelerated rejection were treated by efficient anti-rejection treatment. ResultsSix patients of accelerated rejection were reversed by efficient treatment of anti-rejection. One allograft was removed because treatment was invalid. And six patients were still alive, the longest survival one has reached to 3 years. ConclusionThe treatment emphasis of accelerated rejection should be focused on 3 aspects, including early diagnosis, efficient treatment in time, and paying more attention to any possible complications during the process of treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of diltiaze in renal transplantation patients treated with cyclosporine A (CsA). Methods 1529 renal transplant cases were randomly ~divi -ded into experimental group 1 receiving CsA, Aza, Pred and Diltiaze, experimental group 2 receiving CsA, MMF, Pred and diltiaze, and control group receiving CsA, Aza and Pred without diltiaze. The dosage and blood concentrations of CsA, the outcome of renal transplant, the incidence of acute rejection, and the hepatic and renal toxicity were observed in the experimental groups and control group.Results The dosage of CsA in experimental group 1 was less, while the blood concentrations of CsA was higher than in control group (P~0.05 ). The recovery time of the graft function was cut down to 4.7 days (experimental group 1) and 3.9 days (experimental group 2) respectively with the difference being significant between the experimental groups and control group (P

Objective To study the mechanism of acute rejection of human renal transplantation and detect the sensitive markers for early diagnosis of acute rejection. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Perforin and Granzyme B molecules during acute rejection in the renal grafts. The immunocytochemical ABC assay and flow cytometry ways were used to detect the expression of Perforin and Granzyme B molecules in peripheral blood. Results Perforin and Granzyme B molecules were increased in all tissue specimens and lymphocytes of peripheral blood during acute rejection. There was a correlation between the Granzyme B and histological changes ( P

Objective To study MR manifestations of biliary obstructive disease.Methods MR examination (Philips Gyroscan INTERA 1.0T)in 69 patients with biliary obstructive disease were performed.The conventional sequences included:T1WI/FFE,T2WI/TSE,T2WI/SPIR and contrast-enhanced at axial position,coronal B-FFE and MRCP.All images in all cases were compared with the results of operation and pathology.Results 43 cases were benign disorder,of them,42 cases were choledocholithiasis,one case was choledochal cyst.Choledocholithiasis presented as single or multiple round or ovoid with low signal.The direct sign of malignant lesions (26 cases) was the masses with slightly high signal at the obstructive part,the indirect sign of malignant lesions was obstruction or narrow of bile duct. The MR diagnostic accuracy of obstructive location was 100%, and the accuracy for evaluating the causes of obstruction was 89.9%.Conclusion MRCP combining with B-FFE and routine MRI, analysising the direct sign and indirect sign, can improve the diagnostic accuracy of obstructive jaundice.