I 2 Imidazoline binding sites have been shown to exist on cardiac myocytes of human beings and rat. Both of I 1 and I 2 imidazoline binding sites have been identified on vascular smooth muscle cells of various species. Vascular I 2 imidazoline binding sites may participate in vascular smooth muscle proliferation. The sympathetic nerves supplying the cardiovascular system are endowed with presynaptic inhibitory imidazoline receptors. Being different from most of the imidazolines, moxonidine does not activate presynaptic imidazoline receptors, but SR141716A, which is considered as a selective antagonist at cannabinoid receptors, antagonizes presynaptic imidazoline receptors. It has been shown that imidazolines exhibit antiarrhythmic action. Agamatine, which is endogenous ligand at imidazoline receptors, not only decreases the rate of pacemaker firing in sinoatrial node of animal, prolongs action potential duration on cardiac myocytes of human beings and animal, but also inhibits afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol. On the other hand, imidazolines and guanidines inhibit the cardiovascular K ATP channel in a noncompetitive manner, those effects might interfere with the cardioprotective effects of K ATP channel.

Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans

Objective To investigate the value of tumor M2 pyruvate kinase (TuM2-PK ) ,cytokeratin-18 (CK18 )-3A9 and cytokeratin 19 fragment(CYFRA21-1) in non small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) ,and to evaluate the application value of combined de-tection of these three kinds tumor markers in diagnosis of NSCLC .Methods The serum levels of TuM2-PK and CK18-3A9 were measured in 67 patients with NSCLC(NSCLC group) ,72 patients with benign lung diseases(benign group) and 75 healthy control (control group) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) .The level of CYFRA21-1 was detected by electrochemilumines-cence method .Results The serum levels of TuM2-PK ,CK18-3A9 and CYFRA21-1 in NSCLC group were higher than those in be-nign group and control group(P<0 .05) .The sensitivity of TuM2-PK or CK18-3A9 was better than CYFRA21-1(P<0 .05) ,the specificity of CYFRA21-1 was better than TuM2-PK or CK18-3A9(P<0 .01) .The sensitivity and accuracy of combined detection of TuM2-PK ,CK18-3A9 and CYFRA21-1 were both better than CYFRA21-1(P<0 .05) .The sensitivity ,specificity and accuracy of combined detection of TuM2-PK ,CK18-3A9 and CYFRA21-1 were all better than TuM2-PK or CK18-3A9 alone(P<0 .05) .Con-clusion The combined detection of TuM2-PK ,CK18-3A9 and CYFRA21-1 were better in sensitivity and accuracy of diagnosis of NSCLC .

Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Translations

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Sarcosine Dehydrogenase ; deficiency

OBJECTIVE:To study the legislative evolution and causes of biologics data protection system in the United States, and provide reference for designing biologics data protection system in China. METHODS:Started from analyzing the features of biologics data protection in the United States,through analyzing the legislative struggle of biologics data protection in the United States,the caused and its enlightenment to China were explored. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:After legislative discussion evolu-tion and struggle,the United States enacted the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act in 2010,established the world's firststrong protectionstandard of biologics data protection system,and determined the 12-year data protection period. The legisla-tive basis was to stimulate the strategic needs of innovation,the direct cause was that a biological analogue simplified application was established in the United States,and the key factors included biologics technical attributes and patent protection features. Cur-rently,biologics data protection system is not suitable for China,and China should implement the system from nothing,from weak to strong when the national condition matches or strategic choice needs. Meanwhile,a mature registration approval system is the ba-sis of establishing data protection system.

Humans ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; etiology ; Xylenes ; toxicity

Objective To estimate whether a change in the polarity of low atrial electrograms recorded near the ablation line is an accurate indicator of complete isthmus block in the radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter. Methods Radiofrequency ablation was performed in 10 patients with typical atrial flutter. Electrograms were recorded around the tricuspid annulus using a duodecapolar halo catheter and the distal electrode of halo catheter positioned just near the ablation line. The electrogram polarity of the distal electrode pair (H potential) was analyzed during atrial flutter and during coronary sinus pacing before and after ablation. Results Radiofrequency ablation was performed during coronary sinus pacing in 8 patients and performed during atrial flutter in 2 patients. Complete isthmus block was achieved in all patients. Before ablation, the initial polarity of H potential was predominantly positive during coronary sinus pacing and predominantly negative during atrial flutter. After complete isthmus block was achieved, the initial polarity of H potential was predominantly negative during coronary sinus pacing in all the patients. Conclusion The change of the electrogram polarity recorded just near the ablation line during coronary sinus pacing after ablation of typical atrial flutter is a simple, quick and accurate indicator of complete isthmus block.

0.05). Phenylephrine induced contractile responses in a concentration-dependent manner in the dorsal detrusor strips, but not in the ventral detrusor strips. S-doxazosin, R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin at 1 ?mol?L-1 antagonized the phenylephrine-induced contractile responses competitively in the dorsal detrusor strips, and their pKB values were 7.44?0.19, 7.39?0.14 and 7.38?0.30, respectively. Three pKB values of doxazosin and its enantiomers were not significantly different from each other. Electric field stimulation produced a steady contractile response that was completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin at 0.3 ?mol?L-1. S-doxazosin, R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin significantly inhibited the contractile responses to electric field stimulation in the dorsal detrusor strips of the rabbit urinary bladder(P0.05). However, S-doxazosin, R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin did not affect the responses to electric field stimulation in the ventral detrusor strips. Conclusion The pKB value of S-doxazosin against phenylephrine-induced contraction via-adrenoceptors is same to R-doxazosin and rac-doxazosin, and the three agents are able to inhibit the adrenergic contraction induced by electric field stimulation in dorsal detrusor strips of the rabbit urinary bladder.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of commonly encountered pathogenic microbes during the last five years.METHODS A total of 9318 strains of NI pathogens during from Jan 2004 to Dec 2008 were surveyed and analyzed.RESULTS From them the percentage of Gram-positive cocci was 13.6%,the main pathogen was coagulase negative Staphylococcus,Gram-negative bacilli(28.8%).The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The drug resistance of NI pathogens was markedly increased.Especially,the rate of drug resistance of P.aeruginosa to imipenem was from 0 to 31.8% in 2005,and that of Enterococcus to vancomycin was 4.0% in 2007.The percentage of fungi was 26.4% and increased sharply year by year.CONCLUSIONS The Gram-negative bacteria play a dominant role in clinics and drug resistance of isolated pathogenic bacteria is a serious problem.Monitoring the trends of pathogenic bacteria′s distribution and drug resistance is very important in guiding the clinical administration of drugs and we should pay attention to fungal infection.