NODs are cytosolic proteins that contain a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD).These intracellular proteins are a class of pattern recognition receptors with unique functions in the innate and the acquired immune systems.NOD like receptors,including NOD1 and NOD2,are associated with host responses to intracellular invasion by bacteria or the intracellular presence of specific bacterial products.Activation of NOD like receptors initiates proinflammatory signalling via NF-?B activation,which is necessary for clearance of infecting pathogens from the host.Several different mutations in the genes encoding NOD1 and NOD2 are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory disorders.

OBJECTIVE:To get clear idea about the current situation and future trend of use of antidepressants METHODS:By using the methods of order of sum of money and DDDs,the antidepressants used in our hospital in years 1998～2001 were analysed RESULTS:The annual sum of money and DDDs of antidepressants were increasing and the sum of money and DDDs of antidepressants used in 2001 were 3 69 times and 2 14 times as much as those in 1998,respectively Although the proportion of sum of money of tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) was lower than that of new type antidepressants(NTAs),Clomipramine hydrochloride and Doxepin belonging to TCAs were in the first five places in order of DDDs during the past four years Because of the low price and less side effect,the position of NTAs in therapy of depressions was increasing CONCLUSION:TCAs are still the first choice in therapy of depressions The prospects of NTAs will be wide and bright It is important to speed up the development of Chinese materia medica in therapy of depressions

AIM: Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain receptor 1 (NOD1) is a recently identified intracellular pathogen pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity. This study was designed to explore the role of NOD1-mediated innate immune signal pathway in the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and investigate the effect of peptidoglycan (PGN) on the activation and expression of NOD1 in human VSMCs. METHODS: The experiment was performed in the central laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from June 2006 to March 2007.①Subject: Human coronary artery VSMCs were purchased from Cambrex company.② Methods: Human coronary artery VSMCs were cultured in vitro, and stimulated with NOD1 agonist PGN (10 mg/L) for 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours. ③ Evaluation: The mRNA expression of NOD1 in VSMCs was measured by real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The concentration in the culture supernatants of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: ①Human VSMCs constitutively expressed a low level of NOD1 at resting condition. Upon PGN stimulation, the expression of NOD1 mRNA was up-regulated in VSMCs, from 0.164?0.005 to 0.231?0.027 (P

Objective To investigate the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2(NOD2),an intracelluar pathogen pattern recognition receptor,and Toll like receptor(TLR) 2,4 in human vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC),and its effect on production of proinflammatory cytokines in VSMC.Methods Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were in vitro stimulated with NOD2 agonist Muramyl dipeptide(MDP),TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4(PAM3)and TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharides(LPS) alone or MDP in cocultured with either PAM3 or LPS.The mRNA expression of NOD2 and fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2) were measured by real time RT-PCR.The concentration in the culture supernatants of interleukin-8(IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) was determined by ELISA.VSMC proliferation was analyzed by the MTT assay.Results MDP up-regulate the expression of NOD2 mRNA in VSMC in a time-dependent manner(0 h:0.028?0.001;3 h:0.045?0.002;6 h:0.053?0.002;24 h:0.162?0.013).It up-regulate the expression of FGF-2 mRNA(MDP 9.3?0.4 vs control 7.4?0.2;P

Aged ; Carcinoid Tumor ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Male

Targeting the problem that it is difficult for traditional data management mode to effectively manage TCM information, this article analyzed from the aspect of object characteristics of TCM information resources and summarized that the reason lies in the TCM information resources with big data 4V features, proposed strategies for TCM information resource management based on big data technology, and expounded the feasibility.

The inflammatory response is an essential role of innate immune cells such as neutrophils, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are responsible for killing microorganisms and inducing the inflammatory response. We review the function of NETs in inflammatory diseases based on research publications since 2016. In addition, the ability of drugs that target NETs to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases is summarized. This review suggests a new strategy of targeting NETs for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the petroleum and chloroform extracts of Galla Chinensis.Methods Using chromatography on silica gel column and thin-layer chromatography to isolate and purify the compounds;using spectroscopy methods to elucidate their structures;using double dilution to screen antibacterial activities on Fusarium oxysporum.Results Ten compounds were isolated and identified as 2-hydroxy-6-pentadecyl benzoic acid(Ⅰ),4-(pentadec-8-enyl) phenol(Ⅱ),plamitic acid-1,3-dipropyl ester(Ⅲ),?-sitosterol(Ⅳ),pentacosane(Ⅴ),4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid(Ⅵ),plamitic acid(Ⅶ),lauric acid(Ⅷ),myristic acid(Ⅸ),and gallic acid(Ⅹ).Conclusion Compounds Ⅰ-Ⅵ are obtained from Galla Chinensis for the first time.Compound Ⅰ shows moderate inhibitory activity on F.oxysporum.

Objective To investigate the behavioral characteristics of circadian rhythm disturbance in 3xTg-AD mice.Methods The free-running period,average activity per hour,total amount of exercise and circadian amplitude were examined with voluntary wheel-running test in 3-to 9-month-old C57BL/6 and 3xTg-AD mice under 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and constant darkness environment.Results In constant darkness environment,the free-running period in 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice was (23.2±0.4) h,and shorter than the period((23.5±0.2) h) in C57BL/6 mice.In 6-and 9-month-old 3xTg-AD mice,activity pattern was disorganized,without clear boundary between activity and rest phase.The free-running period was unavailable.The circadian amplitude and total exercise amount were(40.6± 11.5) counts/5 min and(2.6±0.1) × 104 counts/d,(37.0±20.8) counts/5 min and(2.3±0.4) × 104 counts/d,(29.3± 11.0) counts/5 min and(1.6± 0.9) × 104 counts/d in 3-,6-and 9-month-old 3xTg-AD mice,respectively,which was significantly lower than that in age-matched C57BL/6 mice.In 12 h light/12 h dark cycle,the circadian amplitude and total exercise amount of 3-,6-and 9-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were (87.0 ± 37.8) counts/5 min and (2.2 ± 0.8) × 104 counts/d,(25.9± 6.3) counts/5 min and (1.1 ± 0.2) × 104 counts/d,(14.3 ± 5.7) counts/5 min and (0.6 ± 0.3)× 104 counts/d respectively,and with a significant decrease from the age of 6 months.Meanwhile,the locomotor activity decreased at night and increased during the day.Conclusion The endogenous circadian rhythm disturbance emerges in 3xTg-AD mice at 3-month-old,while the exogenous circadian rhythm disorder appears at 6-month-old;the degree of disorder in circadian rhythm is gradually aggravated with the increase of age in of the AD mice.

Objective To retrospectively assess the diagnostic value of nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and facial profile ultrasonic markers [including frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle,and the ratio of prenasal thickness to nasal bone length (PT/NBL)] for trisomy 21 syndrome in first-trimester fetuses.Methods Ultrasonograhic images of 35 fetuses with trisomy 21 syndrome and 70 gestational age matched normal fetuses were analyzed in first-trimester.NT,FMF angle and the PT/NBL ratio were measured retrospectively in stored images from digital database between January 2012 and December 2015.The diagnostic value of NT,FMF angle and PT/NBL ratio were compared with different combinations.Results (1) The mean NT was significantly higher in the trisomy 21 group than that in controls (t =7.401,P =0.00).The NT above 2.5mm was observed in 20 trisomy 21 fetuses (57.1％) and in 3 normal fetuses (4.3％).(2) The mean FMF angle was significantly higher in the trisomy 21 group than that in controls (t =-5.283,P =0.00).The FMF angle above the 95th percentile (93.6°) was observed in 13 trisomy 21 fetuses (37.1％) and in 1 normal fetus (1.4％).(3) The mean PT/NBL ratio was significantly higher in the trisomy 21 group than that in controls (t =-7.826,P =0.00).The PT/NBL ratio above the 95th percentile (0.93) was observed in 19 trisomy 21 fetuses (54.3％) and in 4 normal fetuses (5.7％).(4) The sensitivity and Youden index for trisomy 21 increased gradually,which were 57.1 ％ and 0.528 by using NT,and 74.3％ and 0.686 by using NT and FMF angle,and 91.4％ and 0.828 by using NT,FMF angle and PT/NBL ratio.There were significant differences in the detection rates of trisomy 21 among the three strategies,while the diagnostic specificity of the three strategies were more than 90％.Conclusions The three parameters are significantly increased in trisomy 21 fetus in first-trimester.First,increased NT was most commonly detected,followed by increased PT/NBL ratio,and increased FMF angle again.Detection rates for trisomy 21 fetuses in first-trimester by ultrasound screening can be significantly improved if combination of all three parameters rather than just one parameter are performed.