Liver failure is a dreaded and often fatal complication that sometimes follows partial hepatectomy.This article reviews the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of post-resectional liver failure (PLF). An inadequate quantity or quality of residual liver mass are the key event in its pathogenesis. The major risk factors are small remnant liver volume (RLV), excessive blood loss or transfusion, ICGR15 of greater than 20%, and F4/F3 liver cirrhosis. It is essential to identify these risk factors during the pre-operative assessment. Preventive measures should be applied whenever possible as options of curative treatment for PLF are limited. Artificial liver and/or liver transplantation are the important treatment alternatives for hepatic failure after hepatectomy.

Microcirculation is closely related to occurrence and development of disease, so it is of significance in noninvasive imaging of microcirculatory structure and function in vivo.Photoacoustic imaging is one of the main techniques in microcirculation imaging, which has the characteristics of high contrast, high detection depth and high sensitivity to tissue function.A review of the literature showed that photoacoustic technique can noninvasively image and quantitatively measure microcirculatory structure, vasoconstriction and vasodilation, concentration of hemoglobin, oxygen saturation, blood velocity and direction, oxygen metabolism level in a certain depth of living tissue in real time.Research progress in photoacoustic imaging of microcirculation in subcutis, cerebral cortex, tumor, eye and other tissues is reviewed in this paper.

Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxin.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)is an important component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and has a pivotal role in inducing Gram negative sepsis.Macrophages play an essential role in infection and inflammation.Specific recognition of LPS is of particular importance in the defense system and pattern recognition receptors(PRR)have been considered to be important in initial steps for cellular recognition of LPS and consequence initiation of LPS responses.In the past few years,intense research in the fields of PRR and their recognition mechanism has been achieved.In this review,we attempt to expound recent research advances of macrophage PRRs for LPS recognition and their mechanism.

CMTM家族作为一个新的基因家族，在免疫、生殖等系统以及多种肿瘤的发病机制中起到重要作用。CMTM家族中， CMTM1可影响细胞增殖，导致肿瘤发生；与非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的化疗耐药和预后有关。CMTM2通过AP-1、CREB通 路一定程度上影响HIV-1转录，同时在男性生殖系统中起重要作用。CMTM3等位基因失活或甲基化使其丧失对细胞增殖的负 性调控能力，是胃癌独立的预后指标。CMTM4调控细胞周期影响肿瘤细胞增殖，通过对PD-L1的协同保护参与免疫逃逸。 CMTM5在许多肿瘤中沉默表达，参与肿瘤发生发展相关的信号通路。CMTM6协同PD-L1参与免疫逃逸，是潜在的免疫治疗靶 点。CMTM7在NSCLC中通过Rab5控制EGFR-AKT信号影响肿瘤发展，且与胃癌发展相关。CMTM8通过MARVEL区域影响 EGFR和相关信号通路，调控细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等。上述重要发现，为研究肿瘤的发生发展及肿瘤基因治疗提供了新思路。

The lack of organ donors is a major obstacle against the application of liver transplantation.Recently,how to expand the source of liver donors has become a focus of transplantation research.The use of marginal donor may help solve current dilemma between the increasing waiting recipients and the relatively few donors.However,marginal donors always comes with elevated risk of primary nonfunction,initial poor function,delayed graft function loss and infection.Research on risk factors and complication preventing strategies of marginal donor transplantation is important in improving our understanding of liver transplantation.In the present article,we summarized recent progress in the research of marginal donors.And based on the experience from our center,we believe that the use of marginal donors in liver transplantation may help improve the situation of donor shortage,and isehemia-reperfusion injury remains the core topic of marginal donor transplantation and represents the direction of future study.

Humans ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; etiology ; Xylenes ; toxicity

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of holmium laser lithotripsy for ureteral stones. Methods A total of 238 patients with ureteral stones (upper segment, 60 patients; middle segment, 93; lower segment, 85) received the holmium laser lithotripsy under a semi-rigid ureteropyeloscope. Results Stones were successfully fragmented on one session in 97.1% of patients (231/238). The success rate was 91.7% in patients with stones in the upper ureteral segment (55/60) and 98.9% in patients with stones in the!mid-lower ureteral segment (176/178). Five patients with bilateral ureteral stones associated with acute renal failure and anuria returned to normal rapidly. No complications such as perforation or severe trauma were encountered during the operation. The postoperative hospital stay of the 231 patients was 1~2 days (mean, 1.3 days). Follow-up for 0.5~12 months (mean, 4.1 months) revealed a stone-free rate of 98.7% (228/231). No stricture of the ureter was found. Conclusions Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy is effective, mini-invasive and safe. It is indicated as the first choice in the treatment of ureteral stones, especially stones located in the mid-lower ureteral segment.

Objective To set up the Parkinson's disease(PD)rat model with pathologic characteristic of Lewy body in nigral cells.Methods SD rats were injected respectively with 8 mg Lactacystin(Lactacystin group),sodium saline(NS group)and 12 mg 6-OHDA(6-OHDA group)by stereotaxic unilateral injection into the pars compacta of substantia nigral.The spontaneous and apomorphine-induced contralateral behaviors of rats were observed.The changes of midbrain histology were viewed by microscope;expression of ?-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)positive cells were investigated by immunohistochemistry.The contents of dopamine and homovanillic acid in striatum were determined.Results Rats of NS group did not display abnormal behavior.The animals treated with Lactacystin developed progressively bradykinesia,hypokinesia,tremor,contralateral head tilting,and displayed apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation behavior;3 weeks later the number of TH positive cells were decreased by 83.29% compared with NS group(P

Objective To discuss the causes, prophylaxis, and treatment of the complications of mediastinoscopy. Methods Mediastinoscopy was performed in 262 consecutive patients from September 1981 to November 2005 in this hospital. Of them, 12 patients experienced preoperative or postoperative complications. Results During the operation, massive hemorrhage from branches of the innominate artery occurred in 1 patient. After the extension of cervical incision, the bleeding was stopped by pressure tamponade for 2 hours. Wound infection happened in 5 patients. One patient was clarified as having pulmonary tuberculosis, with enlargement and necrosis of mediastinal lymph nodes that led to the diabrosis of biopsy passage. The wound infection was cured by cut-open, drainage, and dressing changes. Wound infection in another 4 patients healed after dressing changes. Hoarseness of voice developed in 2 patients and spontaneously subsided at 1 and 3 postoperative months respectively. Two patients with abnormal electrocardiogram were treated with cedilanid. Pneumothorax was found in 2 patients and spontaneously healed at 4~6 days after operation. Conclusions Complications of mediastinoscopy can be avoided in experienced hands, on the basis of proficiency of mediastinal anatomy and careful surgical manipulation.

Objective To explore the role of serum levels of Klotho protein and fibroblast growth factor(FGF)-23 in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods A total of 160 patients with CKD were recruited into CKD group in this study,160 healthy controls were selected in the control group from March 2014 to March 2016.Basic clinical data,blood biochemical index,serum level of Klotho protein and FGF-23 were analyzed and compared between the two groups.Results The hemoglobin,serum albumin,blood calcium,glomerular filtration rate,Klotho protein levels in the CKD group were lower than those in the control group,and the serum creatinine,blood urea,blood serum phosphorus and FGF-23 were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).With the progress of CKD stages,hemoglobin,glomerular filtration rate,Klotho protein levels gradually decreased,serum creatinine,blood urea,blood serum phosphorus,FGF-23 level increased(P<0.05).The levels of FGF-23 were negatively related to hemoglobin,glomerular filtration rate,Klotho(r=-0.584,0.692,-0.724)and were positively correlated to serum creatinine,blood urea,blood serum phosphorus(r=0.814,0.703,0.527).The levels of Klotho protein were positively related to hemoglobin,glomerular filtration rate(r=0.612,0.685),and were negatively correlated to serum creatinine,blood serum phosphorus,blood urea,FGF-23(r=-0.720,-0.690,-0.519,0.724).Conclusion High concentrations of FGF-23 and Klotho protein with low concentration were not only related to calcium phosphate metabolic disorders of patients with CKD,and were also associated with the prognosis of patients with CKD,which might be early biomarkers and predictor in patients with CKD.