A 40-years-old man had taken organophosphate (dimethoate) before one day and he was treated with gastric irrigation only in the private hospital for one day. But he was found dead after several hours from discharge. Bereaved families suspected medical mistakes and claimed autopsy. After autopsy, we concluded that he was died by respiratory failure on account of dimethoate intoxication. Generally symptoms of organophosphate poisoning appear immediately, but this case shows unusual course of intoxication. Here in, we reported a delayed death due to organophosphate intoxication with literature review.
Autopsy ; Dimethoate ; Gastric Lavage ; Hospitals, Private ; Humans ; Medical Errors ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Respiratory Insufficiency

Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Dimethoate ; blood ; Humans ; Insecticides ; blood ; Methyl Parathion ; blood

Cholinesterases/genetics* ; Dimethoate/analogs & derivatives* ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects* ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Telomere

Acute Disease ; Animals ; Dimethoate ; analogs & derivatives ; poisoning ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle Weakness ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Muscles ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effects of vigabatrin and atropine against the acute toxicity of dimethoate in male Kun-min mice.

METHODSThe therapeutic schedules of vigabatrin (50 or 100 mg/kg) and (or) atropine (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) were performed according to the L(9) (3(4)) orthogonal test table. The survival time, the righting reflex and the onset of muscle fasciculations were observed after the administration of dimethoate.

RESULTSFirst, the main effects of vigabatrin, atropine and the interaction between them were statistically significant in the Univariate analysis of the survival time at the alpha level of 0.05 (F(V)= 4.73, P(V)= 0.015, F(A)= 50.88, P(A)= 0.000, F(VxA)= 4.17, P(VxA)= 0.007). The range of atropine was more than double of that of vigabatrin or their interaction (R(A)> 2RV or 2R(VxA)). So not only atropine and vigabatrin but also their combination interaction protected mice against dimethoate lethality. The atropine played the major role in diminishing the lethality induced by dimethoate. Second, only vigabatrin, while not atropine, delayed the mice from dimethoate-induced muscle fasciculation according its statistical results (F(V)= 6.87, P(V)= 0.003, F(A)= 0.03, P(A)= 0.968, F(VxA)= 1.134, P(VxA)= 0.356). It should be noted that vigabatrin could not completely prevent dimethoate induced-muscle fasciculation in the test. At last, both atropine and vigabatrin could maintain the righting reflex in the intoxication, however there was no interaction between them (F(V)= 5.81, P(V)= 0.006, F(A)= 9.05, P(A)= 0.001, F(VxA)= 1.34, P(VxA)= 0.257).

CONCLUSIONCombined treatment with atropine and vigabatrin in the organophosphates intoxication seems reasonable and acceptable.

Acute Disease ; Animals ; Atropine ; therapeutic use ; Dimethoate ; poisoning ; Disease Models, Animal ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Male ; Mice ; Vigabatrin ; therapeutic use

Animals ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Dichlorvos ; blood ; Dimethoate ; blood ; Insecticides ; blood ; Methyl Parathion ; blood ; Mice ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; blood

Seventy-three fungal species belonging to forty-three genera were isolated from 40 samples of Saccharrum officinarum (collected from Naage-Hamadi canal in Qena Governorate, Egypt). Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Mucor and Pythium were the most common genera on the two isolation media. The dominant species of Aspergillus were A. niger, A. flavus, A. ustus, A. terreus and A. wentii. Some species were dominant on 40 g/l sucrose such as Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Emericella nidulans, Trichoderma viride, Torula herbarum and Mamaria echinoeotryoides, while the dominant species on 10 g/l glucose were Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus niger, Torula herbarum and Trichoderma viride. Mycotoxins including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, zearalenone and diacetoxyscirpenol were detected in the examined samples of Saccharrum officinarum. The mycelial growth of A. flavus, A. niger, Fusarium moniliforme and Torula herbarum decreased with the increase in Dimethoate concentrations, although 25 ppm was less effective than the higher levels of the insecticide (75~200 ppm). Dimethoate stimulated the activity of Go-T in A. niger, F. moniliforme and T. harbarum, while the Go-T activity was inhibited in A. flavus with the Dimethoate treatments.
Aflatoxins ; Aspergillus ; Aspergillus niger ; Cryptococcus ; Dimethoate ; Egypt* ; Emericella ; Fusarium ; Glucose ; Mucor ; Mycotoxins* ; Niger ; Pythium ; Saccharum* ; Sucrose ; Trichoderma ; Zearalenone

PURPOSE: We conducted this study to determine the efficacy of conventional treatments for patients with Hodgkin's disease and identify the patients who have poor prognosis and need high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between Jun. 1989 and Dec. 1997, 50 patients were enrolled and 39 patients were evaluable. Patients were treated with radiotherapy (5 patients) or combination chemotherapy (21 patients) or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (13 patients) according to their disease stage. Chemotherapy regimens were C-MOPP (cyclo- phosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone), MOPP (mechlorethamine, vin- cristine, procarbazine, and prednisone), ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine), alternating C-MOPP/ABVD, and MOPP/ABV hybrid. Radiation therapy was performed when there was residual tumor after chemotherapy or bulky disease. The response to treatments was analyzed by clinical stage I-II and stage III-IV patients group, respectively. RESULTS: The complete response rate was 76.9% for total patients, 83.3% for stage I-II patients, and 71.4% for stage III-IV patients. Of the 30 patients achieving complete response, four (13.3%) relapsed at 6, 12, 22, and 28 months after complete response, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 24 months. Nine patients died. Four patients died of Hodgkins disease. Three-year overall survival rate was 72.9% for total patients, 72.5% for stage I-II patients, and 70% for stage III-IV patients. Two-year disease- free survival rate was 77.6% for total patients, 79% for stage I-II stage patients, and 73.9% for stage III-IV patients. The prognostic factor analysis showed that performance status affected the disease-free survival rate. CONCLUSION: Conventional treatments in patients with Hodgkins disease showed results comparable to previous studies. But we were unable to identify the patients, who need high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, because of small number of study patients and short follow up duration.
Bleomycin ; Dimethoate ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hodgkin Disease* ; Humans ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Procarbazine ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Survival Rate ; Vinblastine ; Vincristine

OBJECTIVETo study the involvement of excitatory amino acid system in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate.

METHODSPure-cultured astrocytes were gained by three passages from primary cultured rat nerve cells, then treated with 10(-6),10(-5),10(-4) mol/L dimethoate for 48 h, 50 micromol/L and 100 micromol/L MK801, a NMDA receptor blocker, was used to intervene the effects induced by 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate. HPLC-FLD was utilized to measure the concentrations of excitatory amino acid (EAA), RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of NR2B, GLT-1, GLAST, GFAP and S100beta mRNA, and immunofluorescence staining method was applied to measure the expression levels of GFAP and S100beta proteins.

RESULTSThe expression levels of GLAST mRNA in all exposure groups were 67.8%, 68.6% and 76.2% of control level, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of control group (P < 0.05); The concentrations of EAA significantly decreased in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group, as compared with control group (P < 0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group, of S100beta mRNA in 10(-5) mol/L dimethoate group, of GFAP protein in 10(-4) mol/L and 10(-5) mol/L dimethoate groups and S100beta protein in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group were significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). The expression levels of GLT-1 and GLAST mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group (P < 0.01), the expression levels of NR2B mRNA in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); the concentration of Glu in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 100 micromol/L MK801 group increased significantly, as compared with 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate group (P < 0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA and protein in 10(-4) mol/L dimethoate plus 50 micromol/L or 100 micromol/L MK801 groups decreased significantly (P < 0.01); S100beta protein expression level in 50 micromol/L MK801 intervention group was significantly higher than thatl in control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONExcitatory amino acid system involved in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. MK801 was useful to control astrocytes gliosis.

Animals ; Astrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Dimethoate ; toxicity ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; antagonists & inhibitors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the reproduction toxicity of the mixture composed of dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion synergistic effect on male mice, and further explore its possible mechanisms.

METHODSThe 105 male mice were divided into 7 groups, including control (0 mg/kg), mix low (10.8 mg/kg), mix medium (21.5 mg/kg), mix high dose (43.0 mg/kg), dichlorvos (5.1 mg/kg), dimethoate (12.6 mg/kg) and malathion (25.3 mg/kg) group. The oral gavage for successive 35 days, and the mice were sacrificed on the 36(th) day. The body weight, and the quantity, activity and morphology of sperms were examined. The levels of sexual hormone were measured, including testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E(2)). Pathological changes of testicle and epididymis were observed by morphology, pathology and electron microscope.

RESULTSAfter 14 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were lower in the mix-high dose group ((22.40 ± 3.07) g) than those in control group ((26.73 ± 2.82) g) (P < 0.05). After 28 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were also lower in the mix-medium dose group ((30.00 ± 4.93) g) than those in control group ((33.13 ± 3.29) g) (P < 0.05). The sperm counts and sperm motility decreased significantly as the toxic concentration arised. Comparing to control group ((373.33 ± 14.65)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis and (75.17 ± 7.68)%), the spermatozoa count and sperm motility had decreased in mix-medium and mix-high dose groups ((321.17 ± 18.19)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, (225.00 ± 19.67)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, and (64.67 ± 9.91)%, (57.83 ± 9.66)%), and the sperm abnormality rates were higher in mix-medium and mix-high groups ((43.33 ± 8.66)‰ and (55.00 ± 13.80)‰) comparing to those in control group ((32.67 ± 8.17)‰). Compared to those in control group (FSH (1.41 ± 0.20), E(2)(17.32 ± 2.72), LH (8.75 ± 1.32) and T (3.45 ± 0.80) nmol/L), the serum level of FSH (3.14 ± 0.62) and (3.85 ± 0.37) nmol/L, E(2) (36.81 ± 6.68) and (43.76 ± 9.82) nmol/L in mix-medium and mix-high dose group increased (P < 0.01), while the level of LH (5.21 ± 1.23) and (4.27 ± 1.09) nmol/L and T (1.37 ± 0.38) and (0.73 ± 0.18) nmol/L decreased (P < 0.01). The morphological and ultramicrostructure results of testicle and epididymis indicated that the mature sperm numbers were decreased, and the cacoplastic sperm head and the tail of spermatozoon were observed in mix-high dose groups.

CONCLUSIONThe dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion mixture had synergistic reproductive toxicity to the testicle and epididymis structure and function, and thus leading to the process of generation cell cytopoiesis abnormalities, simultaneously the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis were also affected and thus resulted in parasecretion.

Animals ; Body Weight ; Dichlorvos ; toxicity ; Dimethoate ; toxicity ; Malathion ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Organ Size ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; Toxicity Tests